مولانا ابو الوفاء افغانی
معارف کے قارئین مولانا ابوالوفاء افغانی کے نام سے اور کام سے بخوبی واقف ہیں ان کی پیدائش افغانستان میں ہوئی، لیکن تعلیمی مراحل ہندوستان میں طے ہوئے اور یہاں کے باکمال اساتذہ سے استفادہ کیا، زندگی کا بڑا حصہ حیدرآباد میں گزرا، عرصہ تک مدرسہ نظامیہ میں مدرس رہے، فقہ حنفی سے خاص مناسبت تھی اور امام ابوحنیفہ ان کے تلامذہ اور ائمہ احناف سے بے حد عقیدت تھی، لجنۃ احیاء المعارف العثمانیہ ان کی اس عقیدت کی گواہ ہے، انھوں نے قاضی ابو یوسف امام محمد اور شمس لائمہ سرخسی کی کتابیں ڈھونڈ کر جمع کیں، بڑی دیدہ ریزی کے ساتھ مختلف نسخوں کا مقابلہ کیا، جان کا ہی کے ساتھ ان کی تصحیح کی، حواشی لکھے، انڈکس بنائے اور حسن و خوبی کے ساتھ طباعت کا انتظام کیا، وہ پرانے مدرسوں کے پڑھے ہوئے تھے، لیکن نئے محققین بھی ان کا لوہا مانتے تھے، افسوس ہے کہ گزشتہ ماہ علم و تحقیق کی یہ شمع خاموش ہوگئی، اﷲ تعالیٰ ان کو اپنی رحمتوں سے سرفراز فرمائے اور ان کے بیش بہاکاموں کے جاری رکھنے کا انتظام فرمائے۔
(عبد السلام قدوائی ندوی، ستمبر ۱۹۷۵ء)
John Rawls, an American Political Philosopher worked on the very idea of justice in his writings throughout his life. He was of the opinion that an institution is just and fair only when its principles and rules are prepared to benefit all the members of the society equally and if there is an unequal distribution then it must advantage all of them especially the ones who are least i.e. Needy. The political institutions must shape up such kind of policies in order for the development of the wellbeing of the individuals in the society by providing them with resources, opportunities, basic necessities etc. Equally. Whereas, the conception of social justice is also based on equality and the human rights where they could be treated as free and equals i.e. An egalitarian society. In this research paper we will analyze the significance of John Rawl’s theory
Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent species and always remains a major cause of mortality
and morbidity in endemic areas, accounting for at least 65 ? 70% of all cases happening in
Pakistan. However, Pakistan is deadly lacking information about the structure, role in drug
resistance and population of P.vivax species. To get knowledge about the parasitic origin and diversity of P.vivax, the study of its population genetics is necessary. The PvCsp gene is
considered as highly polymorphic in nature and much important for the survival of P.vivax under
severe pressures of the environment in different areas. Also for the development of vaccine, this
gene has been identified as a potential candidate. The present study focused at the investigation of
the structure of the P. vivax populace through the diversity of PvCsp gene.
To get the nucleotides sequences of the PvCsp gene, DNA extraction, PCR and Sanger
sequencing of P.vivaxsamples collected from local areas of Rawalpindi and Islamabad.The
sequences were aligned and analyzed by using Geneious prime and Bio Edit software. The
phylogenetic trees were constructed using ML tree and neighbor joining tree methods. Many
nucleotide differences, repeats, deletions were found at different places in the PvCsp.The study
provided a lot of information about the variations or mutations in the PvCsp gene of our
localP.vivaxstrains. It is concluded that local P. vivax strains of federal area of Pakistan depicted
significant variations as compared to the Reference sequences. Therefore\, it is suggested that
prevailing P. vivax strains of federal areas of Pakistan might be categorized as a different strain
which need further investigations.