Search or add a thesis

Advanced Search (Beta)
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...
Loading...

قاضی احمد میاں اختر جونا گڑھی

احمد میاں اختر جونا گڑھی
ہندوستان اور پاکستان کی علمی دنیا کا یہ بڑا افسوس ناک سانحہ ہے کہ گزشتہ مہینہ مشہورصاحب علم و قلم قاضی احمد میاں اختر جونا گڑھی نے کراچی میں انتقال کیا، وہ اسلامی علوم کے ممتاز فاضل تھے، خصوصاً اسلامی تاریخ پر ان کی نظر نہایت وسیع تھی اور ان کا علمی و تحقیقی مذاق بہت بلند تھا، عربی، انگریزی اور اردو تینوں زبانوں میں یکساں دستگاہ حاصل تھی اور تینوں میں مضامین لکھتے تھے، ان کے مضامین ہندوستان و پاکستان کے تمام سنجیدہ علمی رسالوں میں نکلتے تھے، معارف کے پرانے مضمون نگارتھے، ان کے انگریزی مضامین کا ایک مجموعہ شیخ محمد اشرف تاجر کتب لاہور نے شائع کیا ہے، اقبال پر ان کی ایک کتاب حال ہی میں چھپی ہے، دارالمصنفین سے بھی ان کی ایک کتاب ابن صاعد اندلسی کی طبقات الامم کا ترجمہ عرصہ ہوا شائع ہوچکی ہے، اگر ان کے مضامین جمع کیئے جائیں تو کئی جلدوں میں آئیں گے۔
مرحوم ریاست جونا گڑھ کے جاگیردار تھے، وہاں کے انقلاب میں لٹ لٹاکر بڑی مصیبتوں سے کراچی پہنچے، کچھ دنوں تک انجمن ترقی اردو سے وابستہ رہے، اس کے بعد سندھ یونیورسٹی میں شعبہ اسلامیات کے صدر ہوگئے تھے، طبعاً نہایت شریف، متواضع اور خاکسار تھے، دارالمصنفین سے ان کا تعلق بڑا پرانا اور مخلصانہ تھا ابھی انھوں نے پاکستان میں دارالمصنفین کی کتابوں کے لئے لائسنس دلانے میں بڑی مدد کی تھی، اب اس زمانہ میں ایسے صاحب کمال کی جگہ کابھرنا مشکل ہے اﷲ تعالیٰ اس شیدائے علم کو اپنی رحمت و مغفرت سے سرفراز فرمائے، انتقال کے وقت ۶۰ سال سے اوپر کی عمر رہی ہوگی۔ (شاہ معین الدین ندوی، ستمبر ۱۹۵۵ء)

 

المصادر في القراءات القرآنية بين النصب والرفع

 In Arabic language the source from which all nouns and verbs are derived is called  (المصدر). Verbal noun (Al-Masdar:  (المصدر  is a very important derivative in Arabic. It is a noun derived from the verb to refer to the action or activity implied in the verb, e. G.  ((كتابة   “writing” as a process- derived from the verb (كتب) to  “write”. A verbal noun represents a change in the form of a verb which allows it to be used as a noun in a sentence. Verbal noun is a type of noun which can bear the article (ال) or tanwin   (تنوين ) and can be declined according to the sentence i.e. Nominative, accusative and genitive case. This article deals with the verbal nouns in the Holy Quran that appeared once in the nominative case and in other Qiraat it was read as accusative case. For e.g. (Al-Hamd) is read as nominative and accusative form. الرفع على قراءة حفص: ( الحمدُ لله رب العالمين ) و فى قراءة أخرى : ( الحمدَ لله رب العالمين ) Likewise other examples are: (سورةٌ أنزلناها )- (سورةً أنزلناها) (سلامٌ عليك)- (سلامًا عليك) Similarly : النصب على قراءة حفص: ( و بالوالدين إحسانًا) و فى قراءة أخرى : ( و بالوالدين إحسانٌ) Thus, the article highlights the semantic treasures embedded in the Qiraat of the Holy-Quran.

Applications of Succinate Linked Polysaccharides in Macromolecular Prodrug Design and Metal Sorpton

Polysaccharides especially cellulose and pullulan are currently receiving much attention for industrial applications. Present study reports the synthesis, characterization and application of three succinate bonded polysaccharides, i.e., succinylated hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC), hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) and pullulan. For macromolecular prodrug design, hydroxypropylcellulose-succinic anhydride (HPC-SAn) conjugate was synthesized by applying homogeneous conditions and HPC–SAn conjugate so formed was further attached to salicylic acid (SA) drug through covalent linkage by using ZrOCl2.8H2O as a catalyst for esterification. The resulting HPC-SAn-SA conjugate was subjected to multiple crosslinking using oxalyl chloride as cross-linking agent. The resultant cross-linked prodrug (CL-HPC-SAn-SA conjugate) was characterized using different spectroscopic techniques. UV/Vis analysis of the HPC-SAn-SA conjugate has indicated that it contains 26 mg of SA per 100 mg of CL-HPC-SAn-SA. CL-HPC-SAn-SA showed reasonably good swelling properties in water and at different physiological pH values (6.8 and 7.4). Kinetic studies revealed that CL-HPC-SAnSA followed second order swelling kinetics. Additionally, the CL-HPC-SAn-SA conjugate showed stimuli responsive (pH 7.4/1.2) swelling-deswelling properties. It was found by thermal analysis that CL-HPC-SAn-SA was thermally more stable compared to pure SA. These crosslinked prodrugs obtained after multiple crosslinking of drugs with polysaccharides may find their applications in the field of medicines and pharmaceutics. The second part of the study deals with the use of succinylated polysaccharides for metal sorption. For this purpose, Pull-Suc and HEC-Suc were synthesized applying homogeneous reaction by the esterification of pullulan and HEC with succinic anhydride in the presence of dimethyl amino pyridine (DMAP) as a catalyst. These conjugates were then converted into their sodic forms, i.e., Pull-Suc-Na and HEC-Suc-Na by alkaline treatment using saturated NaHCO3 solution. These novel sorbents were characterized using different spectroscopic techniques such as FT-IR, solidstate CP/MAS 13C NMR and thermal analysis. The Pull-Suc-Na and HEC-Suc-Na were then used for heavy metal removal from aqueous solution. The pHs corresponding to zero point charge of both sorbents were determined. A model study for the removal of Cd(II) from distilled water (DW) and spiked high-hardness groundwater (GW) by these chemically modified pullulan and HEC was conducted. Effect of contact time (5-120 min) and pH (2-8) on Cd-uptake by sorbents (Pull-Suc-Na and HEC-Suc-Na) was investigated. Sorption data was subjected to different kinetic and isotherm models but pseudo second order kinetic and Langmuir isotherm model provided the best fit to the experimental data. Maximum sorption capacities calculated by Langmuir model were found to be 476.2 mg g-1 from DW and 454.5 mg g-1 from GW by Pull-Suc-Na and 669.0 mg g-1 from DW and 630.0 mg g-1 from GW by HEC-Suc-Na. Such high values for removal of Cd(II) from GW suggest selectivity of these sorbents for removal of Cd in the presence of alkaline earth metal cation naturally presence in GW. Both the sorbents showed negligible decrease in Cd-uptake over five regeneration cycles suggesting their repeated use. Afterwards, both sorbents Pull-Suc-Na and HEC-Suc-Na were used to sorb Pb(II), Cr(VI), Co(III), Cu(II) and Ni(II) ions from aqueous solution by batch wise methodologies. The effects of initial metal concentration, sorbent dosage, contact time, pH and temperature were investigated. The data at optimized conditions was subjected to isotherm analyses. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo second order kinetic model provided the best fit to the experimental data of sorption of metal ions. Maximum sorption capacities of Pb(II), Cr(VI), Co(III), Cu(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solution as calculated by Langmuir isotherm model were found to be 1000, 909.1, 625.0, 588.0 and 500.0 mg g-1, respectively by HEC-Suc-Na and 714.3, 588.2, 416.6, 357.1 and 250.0 mg g-1, respectively by Pull-Suc-Na. The negative values of ∆G° and ∆H° indicated spontaneity and exothermic nature of sorption. In order to simulate the real conditions, i.e., to prepare mediums containing heavy metal ions altogether, competitive sorption of these metal ions by the both sorbents was carried out. Results of competitive sorption reveal that the sorption capacities of Pb(II), Cr(VI), Cd(II), Ni(II) Co(VI) and Cu(VI) are in the order Pb(II) ˃ Cr(VI) ˃ Cd(II) ˃ Ni(II) ˃ Co(II) ˃ Cu(VI) for both HEC-Suc-Na and Pull-Suc-Na.
Author