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مقدمہ

          ۲۰۰۹ء میں جب میں نے سرگودھا یونیورسٹی میں ایم۔ فل اُردو میں داخلہ لیا تو اُسی وقت سے ہی سیالکوٹ کے شعر و ادب کی تاریخ لکھنے کا خیال میرے ذہن میں تھا اور یوں بھی زمانہ طالب علمی سے جب میں مرے کالج سیالکوٹ میں بی۔اے کا طالب علم تھا تو میری دلچسپی سیالکوٹ اور اس کے گردو نواح میں تخلیق پانے والے شعر و ادب اور اس علاقے کی تاریخی ،سیاسی ، سماجی و تہذیبی اور جغرافیائی اہمیت سے تھی۔ میں نے جس ماحول میں آنکھ کھولی وہ خطۂ سیالکوٹ کا روایتی ماحول تھا۔ یہ خیال آتا تھا کہ قدیم ترین خطۂ سیالکوٹ میں وقت کے ساتھ ساتھ جو تبدیلیاں رونما ہوئیں اور خاص طور پر جنھوں نے اس علاقے کے شعر و ادب کو متاثر کیا۔ اس کے بارے میں تحقیق ہونی چاہیے۔ اس سلسلے میں سب سے پہلے میں نے ۲۰۱۰ء میں سرگودھا یونیورسٹی میں ایم۔فل اُردو کے لیے تحقیقی مقالے ’’سیالکوٹ میں اُردو شاعری کا ارتقا ۱۹۴۷ء تا ۲۰۰۹ء ‘‘ کا انتخاب کیا۔ اس تحقیقی و تنقیدی مقالے میں شعرائے سیالکوٹ کے سوانحی حالات اور ان کی شاعری کا تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ لیا گیا ہے۔ اس مقالے میں تشنگی رہہ گئی تھی کیوں کہ اس میں شاعری کی مکمل ادبی تاریخ کا بھی صحیح معنوں میں تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ نہیں لیا گیا تھا۔ ضرورت اس امر کی تھی کہ سیالکوٹ کے شعری ادب کے ساتھ ساتھ نثری ادب کا بھی مکمل طورپر تحقیقی و تنقیدی جائزہ لیا جائے ۔اس عظیم کام کو سر انجام دینے کے لیے تحقیق کار نے ۲۰۱۲ء میں یونیورسٹی آف سرگودھا میں پی۔ایچ ڈی اردو میں داخلہ لیا۔ ۲۰۱۴ء میں یونیورسٹی نے ’’سیالکوٹ میں نقدو ادب کی روایت‘‘ عنوان کے تحت ریسرچ پروپوزل پی ایچ ڈی اُردو مقالے کے لیے منظور...

A CORRELATIONAL STUDY BETWEEN VOCABULARY MASTERY AND READING COMPREHENSION AT ECONOMIC FACULTY OF ALKHAIRAAT UNIVERSITY

This research is a correlational study with two variables – variable X standing for vocabulary mastery and variable Y standing for reading comprehension. There were three research questions: (1) What is the level of correlation between variable X and variable Y; (2) How significant is the contribution that can be given by variable X toward variable Y; and (3) Is there positive correlation between variable X and variable Y? The sample of this research was fifty students of the first semester at Economic Faculty of Alkhairaat University. The instruments were tests and questionnaire. Through tests, it was found that: (1) The level of correlation between variable X and variable Y was strong; (2) The significant contribution given by variable X toward variable Y was 52.8%, meaning variable X gave much contribution to variable Y; and (3) There was positive correlation between variable X and variable Y since the value of r-counted (0.727) was higher than the value of r-table (0.279). Through questionnaire, 46% respondents agreed that vocabulary took a role in helping them to comprehend English texts, meaning the more vocabulary they have, the better they are in comprehending English texts.

Studies on the Use of Hbv Epitope Chimeras

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common cause of viral hepatitis with significant health complications including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. Major advances have been made in the treatment of Hepatitis B recent years. However, much remains to be accomplished because current antiviral drugs do not eradicate infection. The currently licensed hepatitis B vaccines, consisting of recombinant hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and alum, are highly effective and induce protective antibody titers in 95% of vaccinated individuals after 3 immunizations before onset of HBV infection. Present studies were aimed to develop chimeric vaccine (proteins) that may stimulate B- and T- cell responses and generate enhance immune response to treat the HBV patients after infection. In this regard, five HBV chimeric vaccine constructs were designed and developed using the HBcAg gene encoding amino acids 1-78 and amino acids 80-144. Amino acid- position 79 where deleted and replaced with preS epitopes sequences. All five chimeric constructs (pIJMcsc-1, pIJMcsc-2, pIJMcsc-3. pIJMcsc-4 and pIJMcsc-5) contained HBcAg as a carrier molecule for the epitopes of preS regions primed HBcAg- specific antibodies response. These constructs (chimeric plasmids) were transformed into E.coli to see the protein product on SDS-PAGE. The expressed proteins (csc-1, csc-2, csc-3. csc-4 and csc-5) were purified based on affinity chromatography using His tag at the C terminal of expressed proteins. The purified chimeric proteins were further subjected to Enzyme linked Immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and western blotting assays using secondary anti- rabbit AP conjugated antibody and secondary anti-mouse AP-conjugated antibody respectively. All five chimeric proteins showed positive antibody response. In vivo study was performed for chimeric protein (csc-5) only. This chimeric protein (csc-5) was evaluated in C57BL/6J mice for activation of humoral and cellular immune responses, primed both HBcAg- specific T cells and antibodies to preS1. IXResult obtained indicated that the csc-5 protein can induce HBV-specific antibodies and T cells, two functions that well complement the activity of antiviral compounds. Thus, the csc-5 protein may be a future component in therapy for chronic HBV infections where the host is gaining a sustained control of the HBV infection and also a viable approach to develop an effective bi-functional therapeutic vaccine as an add-on for treatment of chronic HBV.
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