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ڈاکٹر عبدالبصیر خان

ڈاکٹر عبدالبصیرخان
قاہرہ سے واپسی پردوسری اندوہناک خبر اپنے عزیز دوست ڈاکٹر عبدالبصیر خان کی وفات حسرت آیات کی سُنی جوپہلی خبرسے کم دلدوز نہیں تھی۔ موصوف اپنے مضمون (ZOOLOGY) میں بین الاقوامی شہرت کے مالک تھے۔ مسلم یونیورسٹی علی گڑھ میں اپنے شعبہ کے صدر اور پروفیسر تھے،پراکٹر بھی رہ چکے تھے۔ طبعاً نہایت شریف ،سچّے اور خدا ترس انسان تھے۔ مرنا ہرایک کوہے لیکن اُن کی وفات جن حالات میں ہوئی ہے وہ حددرجہ صبرآزماتھے،اس لیے ہمیں اس میں ذرا شبہ نہیں کہ اُن کی موت صرف موت نہیں بلکہ شہادت ہے۔ اﷲ تعالیٰ انھیں صدیقین وشہداء کامقامِ جلیل عطا فرمائے اور ان کی نوجوان بیوہ اور دو کمسن بچّوں کاحافظ وناصر اور نگہبان ہو،آمین۔ [نومبر ۱۹۶۶ء]

 

PENERAPAN TEORI KONSTRUKTIVIS DALAM PEMBELAJARAN

Constructivism is the basis for thinking of a contextual approach, namely that knowledge is built not a set of facts, concepts, or rules that are ready to be remembered. Students must construct that knowledge and give meaning through real experience. Students need to be accustomed to solving problems, finding something useful for themselves, and struggling with ideas. The teacher will not be able to give all knowledge to students. Students must construct knowledge in their own minds. Knowledge is not static, but is constantly evolving and changing as students construct new experiences that force them to base themselves and modify previous knowledge. Learning must be packaged into the process of constructing knowledge rather than receiving knowledge. In the learning process, students build their own knowledge through active involvement in the learning and teaching process. Students become the center of activities, not teachers. Critical thinking is an attempt by someone to check the truth of information using the availability of evidence, logic, and awareness of bias. Critical thinking skills are the cognitive processes of students in analyzing systematically and specifically the problems faced, distinguishing these problems carefully and thoroughly, as well as identifying and reviewing information to plan problem solving strategies.

Exogenous Shocks and the Process of Organisational Sensemaking: the Case of Punjab Irrigation Department, Pakistan

Exogenous shocks have been studied in organization studies literature to investigate specific events that trigger sensemaking in organizations. The focus of majority of this research is how these triggers create discontinuity in the organizational routines and how actors make sense of these events to restore order. However, this narrow focus ignores the impact of multiple intensities of exogenous shocks that trigger sensemaking across different levels in an organization and the key role of enactment in organizational transformation and changes in internal organizational control. To address these theoretical gaps, this dissertation focuses on a large public-sector organization – Punjab Irrigation Department (PID), Pakistan – to empirically investigate the impact of multiple exogenous shocks of different magnitudes that triggered a process of sensemaking resulting in the organizational transformation with changes in internal organizational control. More specifically, this dissertation explores research questions related to distributed sensemaking across different hierarchical levels, enactment of sensemaking of various groups of actors, systematic differences in sensemaking across these groups of actors and the power asymmetries within these groups through an interpretive research methodology. The research design consisted of three cases of exogenous shocks that were witnessed by the PID in the last two decades. For the first case, i.e. the 2010 flood, I conducted a pilot study for six months of the flood affected districts in the province of Punjab. It was supplemented by in depth interviews with officials from PID during the main study. The second case consisted of institutional reforms in PID for which I conducted a longitudinal study to understand how reforms have evolved over a period of last twenty years. The last case consisted of inclusion of external stakeholders in the maintenance and repair works in iii PID. I conducted interviews with PID staff and the external stakeholders to understand their role in the organizational transformation. I coded all the data of interviews in MAXQDA to conduct qualitative thematic content analysis. I then analyzed the main themes from the data using multiple theoretical perspectives to develop my findings. My analysis shows the enactment of sensemaking of these exogenous shocks varied across different hierarchical levels in the PID. Actors at different hierarchical levels used the ambiguity and uncertainty of the situations to enhance their sphere of control in the organization. The role of identity and systemic powers by virtue of their designation played a key role in the strategic action they engaged in to enact changes in the organizational routines. In doing so, this dissertation contributes to the institutional change/transformation research in the field of organization studies by providing in-depth context-specific analysis of enacted sensemaking in a large public-sector organization. Moreover, this research also adds valuable insights about how power asymmetries in organizations impact the process of institutional maintenance and change.
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