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بی بی سی کا تاریخی تبصرہ

بی بی سی کا تاریخی تبصرہ

بھٹو کی پھانسی پر بی بی سی کا تبصرہ آج تک یاد کیا جاتا ہے ۔

احسان فراموش پاکستانیوں نے اپنا ہی لیڈر مار ڈالا

چالیس سال گزرنے کے بعد بھی یہ لفظ ہماری قومی تاریخ پر ایک زور دارطمانچہ ہیں ۔شاید تیس سے بھی کم لوگوں نے بھٹو کا جنازہ پڑھا ۔ضیاء کا جنازہ دس لاکھ افغانیوں نے پڑھا ۔جنازے اور ان کی تعداد مرنے والوں کی عظمت نہیں بیان کیا کرتے ۔رسول کریمؐ ،فاطمہؑ،حسینؑ،حسنؑ کے جنازوں میں کتنے لوگ شریک تھے ؟تاریخ کی کتابیں بھری پڑی ہیں ۔کس کی سوچ نے زمانے کو نئی زندگی دی اور کون حق پر تھا ؟

5جولائی 1977ء کا شب خون صرف جمہوریت پر ہی نہیں بلکہ انسانیت ،مذہبی آزاددی اور حقِ رائے پر شب خون تھا ۔شاہی قلعے کی سرنگوں میں آج بھی اس رقص کی یادیں موجود ہیں جو رزاق جھرنا نے موت کا پھندا گلے میں ڈالنے سے پہلے بیرک سے پھانسی گھا ٹ تک ایک پائوں پر ناچتے ہوئے کیا تھا ۔

ضیاء الحق کے سیاہ دور میں تشدد یا تختہ دار کے ذریعے شہید کییجانے والے چند شہدائے جمہوریت ۔

 

 

Legal Authority of the Prophet Muhammad and the Orientalists: A Critical Study

Civic behavior reflects the values related to individual’s attitude towards family, peer group, and neighborhood and includes the way one behaves in the society and community as a whole. The purpose of the present study is to describe what civic behavior is, its characteristics, its status in the Hadith, and the way forward for improvement of the civic behavior as guided by Sīrah of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ). Study implies that truthfulness, mercifulness, polite talk, helping others, respect for others, caring and sharing and promise-keeping, loyalty, sympathy, honesty, kindness, brotherhood, cooperation, fairness and unity are the core qualities that make the individual a civilized and active citizen and our Holy Prophet (ﷺ) is the embodiment of all these virtues. Descriptive approach was followed to explain and analyze the concept. First the concept of civic behavior was interpreted, then its importance and characteristics were discussed. After that it was explored in the light of the teachings of the Quran and the Prophet Muhammad (ﷺ). The findings highlight that the civic behavior in its best form was preached and practiced by the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) and his companions. Each dimension was interpreted in the light of the Quran and the Sīrah. It was concluded that Sīrah of the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) is an immaculate source of guidance and inspiration for not only Muslims but also for the whole mankind in acquiring the core values and abilities that determine the Civic behavior of an individual which ultimately results into a well-organized, peaceful and civilized society The study suggests that civic behavior of the citizens has significant impact on the formation and development of a peaceful society. It is recommended that civic behavior as reflected in the life of and practiced by the Holy Prophet (ﷺ) should be promoted and practiced for achieving a civilized social setup.

Changes in Follicular Dynamics and Hormone Secretions During Oestrous Cycle and Timing of Artificial Insemination in Beetal Goats

Background and Objectives: There is no information available about the physiology of estrous cycle in native goat breeds of Pakistan; hence, modern breeding practices such as artificial insemination (AI) and estrous synchronization are not practiced by goat enterprises. Among several goat breeds, Beetal is popular for its dairy and meat characteristics. About 10% of the total goat population of Pakistan (74.1 million heads) is comprised of Beetal goats. Therefore, the objectives of the study were: 1) To understand the follicular dynamics and changes in plasma estradiol-17β and progesterone concentrations in Beetal goats during the estrous cycle (First experiment). 2) To determine the factors associated with variable interval to estrus and ovulation between early vs. late ovulating goats by monitoring the follicular dynamics and changes in estradiol-17β, progesterone and LH profiles following estrous synchronization by PGF2α (Second experiment). 3) To determine the optimal time of AI and changes in vaginal mucous characteristics relative to the onset of standing estrus in goats (Third experiment). Methodology: In the first experiment, two consecutive estrous cycles were monitored in Beetal goats (n = 7) via transrectal ultrasonography after estrous synchronization using a single dose of PGF2α (0.075 mg, i.m., d+ cloprostenol, Dalmazin®, Fatro, Italy) during the breeding season (Sep-Nov 2016). In second experiment, ovulation time of Beetal goats (n = 38) was determined using transrectal ultrasonography at every 6 h interval after the administration of single dose of PGF2α (Experiment 2a). The variations in hours to ovulation were further investigated in another subset of goats (n = 13) after the administration of single dose of PGF2α given randomly during the luteal phase (Experiment 2b). In the third experiment, intracervical inseminations were performed at 0 (n = 28), 12 (n = 84), 24 (n = 101) and 36 h (n = 44) after the onset of estrus in Beetal goats (n = 257) during the breeding seasons (September to December, 2016 through 2018). Characteristics of vaginal mucus (i.e., color, consistency, and volume) were observed at the time of AI and subjectively graded to calculate cumulative mucous score. The vaginal electrical resistance (VER) was recorded at each time point using Draminski® estrous detector. Results: In the first experiment, the interovulatory interval of Beetal goats averaged 21.2 ± 0.3 d, and the duration of follicular and luteal phases were 3.9 ± 0.1 and 17.2 ± 0.3 days, respectively. The 4-wave follicular pattern was greater than 3-waves (71% vs. 29%; P > 0.05). In 3-wave cycles, follicular waves emerged on Days -0.3 ± 0.3, 8.3 ± 1 and 14.5 ± 0.5 of estrous cycle (Day 0 = ovulation), while in 4-wave cycles, waves emerged on Days 0.5 ± 0.2, 7.5 ± 0.5, 11.9 ± 0.4, and 16.1 ± 0.6. Maximum diameter of preovulatory follicle and corpus luteum was 7.2 ± 0.2 mm and 11.8 ± 0.3 mm, respectively. On an average 1.7 ± 0.2 follicles ovulated per cycle, and luteolysis began on Day 17.2 ± 0.3 of the cycle. The largest follicle of first and ovulatory waves had greater diameters compared with 2nd or 3rd wave (P < 0.05). The peak plasma estradiol-17β concentration was observed 33.6 ± 9.6 h before ovulation. The peak plasma progesterone concentration was attained by Day 12.2 ± 1, and reached < 2 ng/mL within 1.6 ± 0.3 d after the onset of luteolysis. The plasma progesterone concentration and diameter of corpora lutea correlated throughout the estrous cycle (r = 0.94; P < 0.05). In the experiment-2a, the ovulation time varied between 60 and 96 h, and 57% of ovulations occurred by 72 h after PGF2α. Based on the time of ovulation, the goats in experiment-2b (n = 13) were retrospectively divided either into early (≤ 72 h) and late ovulating (≥ 84 h). The onset of estrus, peak estradiol‐17β concentration and LH surge after PGF2α was first observed in early than late ovulating goats (P < 0.05). The goats ovulating early had larger follicle and smaller CL in diameter at the time of PGF2α administration than those ovulating late (5.4 ± 0.2 vs. 4.3 ± 0.2 mm and 10 ± 0.6 vs. 11.8 ± 0.3 mm, respectively; P < 0.05). Likewise, plasma progesterone concentration tended to be lower (P = 0.087) in early than late ovulating goats. In the third experiment, pregnancy rate was minimum (P < 0.05) at 0 h (28.6%) compared with 12 (58.3%) and 24 h (56.4%); however, the pregnancy rate at 36 h (54.5%) did not differ (P > 0.05) compared with 0, 12 or 24 h. Relative odds for pregnancy rate at 12, 24 and 36 h were 5.24, 5.20 and 3.29 times greater than those of 0 h. The cumulative mucous score varied (P < 0.05) relative to the onset of estrus, and correlated well (P < 0.05) with the color and consistency than mucous volume. The VER was minimum (P < 0.05) at 12 than 0 and 36 h. Conclusions: In conclusions, the seventy-one percent of the cycles in Beetal goats are of 4-wave in nature and overall Beetal goats has a tendency of twin ovulations (first experiment). The size of the dominant follicle and CL at the time of PGF2α determines the interval to ovulation after administrating a single dose of PGF2α during the luteal phase (second experiment). The optimum time to inseminate the does using refrigerated semen is 12 to 24 h after the onset of estrus, whereas cumulative mucous score and VER can be used to determine the stage of estrus (third experiment).
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