Search results for "عبد الرحمن شہزاد"
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جدید تجارتی نظام میں مزدوروں کے حقوق سیرت طیبہ کی روشنی میں
Islamic Shariah provides a complete code of life, as man can take guidance from Shariah, regarding each and every aspect of his life. Commerce plays a pivot role in human life which has been mentioned time and again in Quran and Hadith. According to one Tradition, Allah has affixed and set 10 parts of sustenance and in these ten parts, nine are in Trade. In Shariah the luminary Islamic scholars and jurists have deputed peculiar and separate subjects with different titles regarding Trade, the most famous and acknowledged are "Kitab-ul-Mutajir" and "Kitab-ul-Biyou". Islam elevates and upgrades those who toil and labour hard, among them the Labourer has prominent state and he is above all among them. According to the sacred utterance of Hazrat Muhammad SAWW: "You should pay the labourer his wages before his sweat dries away”. In the present era, no one can deny this fact that this world has become a global village, therefore new ways and system of commercial are in vogue and being applied besides some traditional ways. Such as Banking System, E-Purchasing, Online shopping and some other modes and means. In these traditional, latest and new trading systems, usually the labourers are being exploited because they are given less poor wages than their rigorous toilsome labour. However in the under discussion article the labourer rights and their utmost implementation in the trade of present era would be reviewed and analyzed in the light of Seerat-ulNabi SAWW.Phylogenetic Relationships in Apocynaceae Based on Both Nuclear and Plastid Molecular Datasets
The phylogenetic relationships within Apocynaceae were investigated in the present study. In addition trnL-F intron-spacer region and atpB promoter, a part of PHYA exon, a low-copy nuclear gene were sequenced from Apocynaceae. Different taxa of the family were collected from Pakistan and different regions of the world, representing major groups of the family. Separate phylogenetic trees were constructed using trnL-F and PHYA sequences and then combined datasets were used for simultaneous analysis. In the separate trnL-F analyses (comprised of 178 taxa with updated nomenclature) both parsimony and Bayesian, yield a number of stable clades, but placement of tribes (Vinceae, Tabernaemontaneae, Hunterieae and Melodineae) in Rauvolfioideae is uncertain and lack high level of support. A clade comprising Ceropegieae and Marsdenieae receives good support confirming the monophyly of both tribes. The grouping of taxa in Asclepiadeae is not satisfactory to define a subtribal classification. Malagasy Cynanchum group forms a separate clade in both analyses while the monophyly of New World Cynanchineae is not supported here. In the combined phylogenetic analyses, 112 taxa were included representing most major caldes in Apocynaceae. The study confirms that Periplocoideae are nested within Apocynoideae. The APSA clade (Apocynoideae, Periplocoideae, Secamonoideae and Asclepiadoideae) is strongly supported here, but the crown clade of Apocynaceae (comprised of subfamilies Asclepiadoideae, Secamonoideae, Periplocoideae and Echiteae, Mesechiteae, Odontadenieae and Apocyneae of Apocynoideae) has only moderate support. The present study places Periplocoideae as part of the sister group to the rest of the crown clade and the tribe Baisseeae emerges as sister group of Secamonoideae-Asclepiadoideae clade. Old World Cynanchinae form a well-supported clade with the New World MOG (Metastelmatinae, Oxypetalinae and Gonolobinae) tribes rather than with the largely Old World Asclepiadinae and Tylophorinae, as suggested by earlier studies. By addition of atpB promoter sequences of Rauvolfioideae’s taxa in combined dataset (trnL-F and PHYA), the inter-generic resolution was not improved in the subfamily. In the present study, resolution among most groups (such as inter-tribal relationships of Asclepiadoideae) is improved in combined analyses as compared to previous phylogenies, based on only plastid regions. However, there is a need to sequence vmore nuclear loci like PHYA from greater number of taxa to further improve relationships in the family.Top Institutes
Quaid-i-Azam University 19341 International Islamic University 13485 Allama Iqbal Open University 6745 University of Management and Technology 6421 University of the Punjab 6331 COMSATS University Islamabad 5859 Riphah International University 4537 University of Karachi 3239 University of Engineering and Technology 2261 University of Peshawar 2068
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