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باب ہشتم: حیواناتی وسائل کا مطالعہ

حیوانات کا تعارف

معنی و مفہوم"حیوان "کا لغوی معنی ہے:

"جاندار۔ ذی روح (۲) مویشی۔ چوپایہ (۳) نادان۔ بیوقوف۔ وحشی۔ جمع:۔ حیوانات"[1]

علامہ زمخشری ؒ حیوان کا لغوی مفہوم یوں بیا ن کرتے ہیں:

"والحيوان: مصدر حي، وقياسه حييان، فقلبت الياء الثانية واوا، كما قالوا: حيوة، في اسم رجل، وبه سمى ما فيه حياة: حيوانا"[2]

حیوان حَیَّ کا مصدر ہے اس کی اصل "حییان" ہے لیکن یا ء ثانی کو واؤ سے بدل دیا گیا ہے۔ جیساکہ عرب میں بعض لوگوں کا نام "حیوۃ" تھا۔ انہی معنی کے اعتبار سے ہر اس چیز کو جس میں حیات ہو حیوان کہتے ہیں۔

علامہ الجاحظ ؒ رقمطراز ہیں:

"أحيا من الحيوان؛ إذ كان الحيوان إنّما يحيا بإحيائها له"[3]

قرآن مجید میں حیوان کا لفظ زندگی کے معنوں میں استعمال ہوا ہے۔ قدیم عرب کے کئی قبیلوں کے نام حیوانات کے نام پر تھے جیسے اسد (شیر) ، قریش (آدم خور مچھلی) وغیرہ۔ مرنے والوں روحوں کو پرندے کی شکل میں پیش کیاجاتا تھ جو عرصے تک قبر کے ارد گرد اڑتا رہتا تھا۔ بعض حیوانات کو خاص دیوتاؤں سے منسوب کرکے ان کے گلوں میں قلاوہ ڈال کر ان کو حرام قرار دے دیا جاتا تھا۔ قرآن مجید ان قدیم باطل عقائد کی مذمت کی گئی ہے۔ [4]

اردو دائرہ معارف اسلامیہ میں حیوان کےمعانی بیا ن کیے گئے ہیں:

"لفظ حیوان کے سب سے زیادہ عام معنے، خواہ اسے صیغہ واحد میں استعمال کیا جائے یا صیغہء جمع میں، با لعموم ایک یا ایک سے زیادہ جانور ہیں بشمول انسان، جسے صیح تر الفاظ میں الحیوان الناطق کہا جاتا ہے"[5]

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سنت ترکیہ کی شرعی حیثیت: ایک تحقیقی مطالعہ

Sunnat-e- Tarkia is a specific term. It refers to the deeds of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ which he willingly gave up due to certain aims of Shariah. According to Islamic Shariah, in the chapter of worship, Sunnat-e-Tarkia is as significant and compulsory worship as the other deeds and commands of Prophet Muhammadﷺ. It is not possible to follow commands and prohibitions of Muhammad ﷺ until we understand Sunnat-e-Tarkia and Sunnat-e- Fa'ilia. So, both of these are required in Islamic Shariah, none of these can be ignored. So it is necessary to elaborate the legal value of Sunnate-Tarkia in Islam.

Dihydropyrimidines As Potential Drug Candidates, Design, Synthesis, Bioevaluation and Computational Studies

Present work refers to the design, synthesis, bioevaluation and computational studies of multifunctionalized dihydropyrimidines (DHPMs) known to possess immense pharmacological activities. A series of DHPM derivatives were synthesized by different strategies. In the first strategy, one pot Biginelli reaction was carried out using three building blocks (i.e. aryl aldehydes, 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and diamino compounds). Hence three different types of DHPMs namely 4-aryl-3,4- dihydropyrimidine-2-ones (1-44), 4-aryl-3,4-dihydropyrimidine-2-thiones (45-69) and 2-amino-1,4-DHPMs (70-79) were synthesized. Through this strategy diversity was introduced at N1, C2, C4, C5 and C6 positions of pyrimidine nucleus. Moreover, keeping in view the difficulties during the synthesis of DHPM via Biginelli three component reaction, the conditions were optimized by doing these reactions through different modes such as sonication, microwave irradiation, as well as through conventional heating. Excellent yields without any side products were obtained under mild reaction conditions under sonication using a cheap catalyst i.e. SnCl 2 . Based on a simple nucleophilic displacement scheme, another set of 2-aminopyrimidines (83-87) was also synthesized. The second strategy involved modification of different functionalities of DHPM nucleus synthesized previously through one pot strategy. This led to introduction of different diversity elements farther at C5 and C6 positions leading to pyrimidines 88-92. Besides synthesizing a variety of pyrimidines, partial synthesis of ispinesib (a well known KSP inhibitor) was carried out via two routes with a view to optimize the reaction conditions and yield of the rate limiting step each of the two synthetic strategies. Since the synthesized dihydropyrimidines are anticipated to have important pharmacological properties, therefore, all these compounds were subjected to in vitro screening for studying their potential as urease inhibitors, xanthine oxidase inhibitors, thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors, potato disc tumor inhibitors and as antiglycation agents. Compound 53 was found to have very strong potential as urease inhibitor and may serve as a lead for developing into antiulcer drug. iiiIn silico studies were also carried out on the most active compounds identified in different bioassays by doing molecular docking and pharmacophore matching. Furthermore, in silico designing of DHPM based KSP, urease and thymidine phosphorylase inhibitors was carried out with a view to develop novel KSP, urease and TP inhibitors.
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