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اردو افسانے کے موضوعات

اردو افسانے کے موضوعات
ایک بنیادی افسانے کے لیے بنیادی عنصر اس کے موضوع پر منحصر ہے،ہمارے اردگرد بہت سے واقعات موجود ہیں جنہیں افسانے کا موضوع بنایا جا سکتا ہے۔موضوع کے لحاظ سے افسانے کی کئی اقسام ہیں۔نفسیاتی ، معاشی، معاشرتی، سیاسی مزاحمتی اور جنسی وغیرہ۔ موضوع اور اسلوب کے اعتبار سے غورکریں تو عہدِ حاضر کے افسانے میں ترقی پسندی ، جدیدیت اورمابعد جدیدیت کے موضوعات و اسلوب اور تکنیک کے واضح اثرات ملتے ہیں۔نئے افسانے کے موضوع کا کینوس یوں توبہت وسیع ہے لیکن موجودہ دور میں جن موضوعات پر بطور خاص افسانے تحریر کئے جارہے ہیں ان میں سیاسی کشمکش ، طبقاتی فرق،سماجی آویزش،معاشرتی مسائل، جہیز کا مسلہ، ازدواجی زندگی کی پیچید گیاں ، اخلاقی اقدار کی شکست و ریخت،انسانی رشتوں کا ٹوٹنا ، بھوک اور افلاس، نفسیاتی،پیچیدگیاں ، عالمی سیاست، صارفیت وغیرہ لیکن ان تمام افسانوںمیں بیشتر افسانے فرقہ واریت،کساد بازاری اور عدم تحفظ کے احساس سے متعلق ہیں۔ یہ تمام موضوعات انسانی زندگی کے اردگرد بکھرے ہوئے ہیں اور ہر انسان کسی نہ کسی صورت میں شعوری یا لا شعوری طور پر ان مسائل سے وابستہ ہے۔
تانیثیت
تانیثیت کا تعلق براہِ راست عورت اور اس کے حقوق سے ہے۔تانیثی تحریک کا بنیادی مقصد عورتوں کو مردوں کے برابرسیاسی ، سماجی ، معاشرتی، معاشی اور قانونی برابری دینا۔ تانیثی تحریک عورتوں کے لیے انصاف کی طالب ہے ، معاشرے میں رائج مختلف امتیازات کے خاتمے کا اعلان کرتی ہے۔اردو افسانے میں نمائندہ خواتین افسانہ نگاروں کے ہاں تانیثی ر جحان دیکھنے کو ملتا ہے۔ جہاں عورتیں سماجی، معاشی ، سیاسی، معاشرتی اور علاقائی مسائل پر قلم اٹھا رہی ہیں اس کے ساتھ ساتھ عورتوں کے ساتھ پیش آنے والے مسائل کو بھی قلم بند کر رہی ہیں۔اس ضمن میں غور کریں تو ذکیہ مشہدی ایک معتبر نام ہے۔ انہوں نے...

Sulayman Bin Musa Al-Kala As Sirah Writer an Introduction and Research Analysis

Abu Al-Rab฀ ‘ Sulaym฀n Bin M฀sá Al-Kal฀‘฀ (565 A. H -- 634 A. H) is a great S฀rah writer. In this article, his scholarly and personal characteristics, the list of his works, tributes from scholars to his services and scholarly rank of Al-Kal฀‘฀ are presented. After presenting his personal features, an introduction and research analysis of his book “AlIktif฀’ fi Magh฀z฀ Al-Mu฀tafá wa Al-thal฀thah Al-Khulaf฀ ’ ” is given. Al-Kal฀‘฀ was a great scholar and authentic S฀rah writer. He got knowledge of Had฀th from Abul ‘At฀’. He attended the lectures of various scholars of Had฀th such as Abul Q฀sim bin Al-Jaysh, Abu Bakr bin Jadd, Abu Abdull฀h bin Zark฀n, Abdull฀h bin Fakhkh฀r, Abu Muhammad bin Jamh฀r, Najbah bin Yahy฀. Many great scholars of Had฀th such as Q฀฀฀ T฀nas were his pupils and brought his knowledge to far off countries. Al-Kal฀‘฀ wrote many books on Had฀th and S฀rah. Ibn Farh฀n, Abul Abb฀s and many other scholars have praised and paid tribute to Al-Kal฀‘฀ in their works. Main objective of the book under discussion, Al-Iktif฀’, is to disseminate knowledge of S฀rah and Had฀th prolifically. Al-Kal฀‘฀ has kept in mind the caution and the principles of S฀rah writing derived from the Holy Qur’฀n. Sulaym฀n Bin M฀sá has a great quality of writing S฀rah books. He can be called a born scholar and a writer. His quest for knowledge took him in different cities and he gained the best of knowledge and intellect that can be seen in all of his writings. He can be called a preserver and a protector of S฀rah literature. He is considered the most honored and dignified person among the scientific and cultural tradition of Andalusiyah. This article proves his abilities, qualities and excellence of work.

State Failure and State Building in Post Conflict Societies: A Case Study of Afghanistan

This thesis attempts to contribute to the debates on the less than satisfactory outcomes of state building interventions in post conflict societies. The broad enquiry underlining this thesis has been: Why interventionist state building is unable to restore effective statehood in the so-called “failed states?” The thesis argues that the failures of current state building practice in intervened states need to be located in state failure discourses. The state failure discourses draw a Western Weberian yardstick to define and explain the phenomenon of failed states. These discourses paint failed states to be either lacking broadly, centralized state institutions for service provision, or liberal characteristics of a democratic participatory political system and a free market economy. These two explanations of state failure pre-dominate the state building debate and its practice. State building is theoretically recognized as constructing state institutions and building upon their functional effectiveness, or it is understood to encompass creation of a legitimate political order, based on popular consent and the establishment of viable and strong economy on free market principles. This understanding when put into practice assumes two main variants of state building model: state building as institution building; and state building as building of a liberal political and economic order. The thesis argues that these two variants of state building when practiced in post conflict situations produce a set of paradoxes that inhibits the attainment of desired goals. It attempts to explore the paradoxes by focusing on external attempts at building states in the Balkans, East Timor, Iraq and Cambodia. Next, it studies the post 2001 state building practice in Afghanistan within the framework of institutional and liberal paradoxes. The thesis specially focuses on the paradoxes generated from an understanding and practice of state building as institution building. It explores the institutional paradoxes at the sub-national district level in Bati Kot, Nangarhar, to study what shape these take at district level and how these prohibit achievements in state building exercises. The findings of the thesis suggest that institutional state building practice in post conflict societies generates two broad categories of paradoxes: capacity building vs. dependency; and formal vs. informal/technocratic vs. traditional. The capacity building vs. dependency paradoxes are generated because the state building intervention fails to achieve its objective of 8 restoring effective statehood in intervened settings, the avowed objective of intervention in the first place. The manner in which capacity building exercises are conducted to build formal state structures, end up making them more dependent on external help and finances. Capacity building actually builds dependency. In a similar vein, technocratic top-down exercise of building institutions, either negates indigenous governance practices, or create belated linkages with informal social and political practices. Resultantly, these either do not find acceptance among local population and end up being adhered to by few in urban centres, or create conditions of de facto influences over the de jure. The interplay between the formal and the informal, depending on context and environment and the initiative, either serves to inhibit state building goals, or promote these, but in non-orthodox, unconventional manner. Such contestations between the formal and the informal, the technocratic and the traditional makes the state building process complex and complicated for external state builders to device state building models that are more adaptive to local conditions.
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