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ملّا حاجی عبدالرزاق خان

ملا حاجی عبدالرزاق
ایک روشن خیال روشن ضمیر افغانی مصلح عالم کی وفات

اسلامی دنیا میں آج جس چیز کا سب سے زیادہ رونا ہے، وہ ایسے علمائے کاملین کا وجود ہے، جو دین و دنیا دونوں کے علوم و ضروریات پر پوری نظر رکھتے ہوں جو علوم مذہبی اور علوم عصری دونوں کو یکجا تطبیق دینے کے خواہشمند ہوں، جو مذہب اور تمدن کو باہم منطبق کرسکتے ہوں، جو زمانہ حال کی ضروریات کے مطابق احکام مذہبی پر نظر رکھ کر ملک و قوم کی رہبری کا فرض انجام دے سکتے ہوں، جو مساجد کی امامت کے ساتھ صفوف جنگ بھی درست کرسکتے ہوں، جو رموز علمی کے پہلو بہ پہلو نکات سیاسی کو بھی سمجھ سکتے ہوں، ایسے علمائے مصلحین کا وجود کچھ نہ کچھ مصر و ہندوستان و ترکی و روس و تونس میں تو معلوم تھا، مگر افغانستان کی نسبت کسی ایسی مفید مقدس ہستی کا علم نہ تھا۔ امان، افغان کابل مورخہ ۲۴؍ رمضان المبارک ۱۳۴۳؁ھ سے ابھی اس کا حال معلوم ہوا اور ساتھ ہی وفات کی خبر پڑھی۔
ملا حاجی عبدالرزاق خان افغانستان کے امام وقت اور مشہور مدرس و عالم تھے، ہندوستان میں آخری تعلیم پائی تھی، ان کا سلسلۂ فیض بڑا وسیع تھا، افغانستان کے تمام نوجوان علماء ان کے شاگرد یا شاگرد کے برابر ہیں، ان کا تعلق ایک قدیم علمی خاندان سے تھا، مروجہ اسلامی و مشرقی علوم کے حصول کے بعد وہ ۴۰ سالوں سے درس و تدریس میں مشغول تھے اور آخر وقت تک یہی شغل جاری رہا، اگرچہ وہ تمام فنون میں درس دیا کرتے تھے، لیکن ریاضی، ہئیت اور حدیث میں ان کو کمال تھا، وہ اسلامی تاریخ، جغرافیہ و اخلاقیات میں بھی واقفیت نام رکھتے تھے۔ان علمی مشاغل کے باوجود موجودہ سیاست سے بھی کافی دلچسپی رکھتے تھے اور...

ISOMERISM: IS THERE MISCONCEPTION?

Nine articles have been analyzed containing research results on misconceptions about isomerism. Analysis was conducted to examine the potential to causes emergence of the misconception. The analysis result are expected to be useful for teachers in learning for the same concepts. At least the teacher can avoid misconceptions that have happened before and innovate to find the right learning strategy. Isomerism can be categorized as a defined concept so that students are expected to be able to use rules for the purpose of classifying objects or events. The analysis showed 31 misconceptions experienced by grade 11 students to prospective chemistry teachers on isomerism concept. Thirty-one misconceptions are classified into three groups based on students' abilities needed to understand the concept of isomerism. The three groups are: (1) understanding the definition and application of rules; (2) spatial understanding; and (3) microscopic understanding. At this time only eleven misunderstandings were discussed, namely misunderstandings whose causes belong to the group (1). As an indicator caused misconception is inability of the sample to classify objects/events based on the attributes or characters indicated by the object/event. To teach a defined concept, it is recommended to use a strategy that contains detailed explanatory definitions and rules, examples and non-examples, and the elaboration process. In order to increase student reasoning, it is recommended to use a isomerism concept logic scheme

Serodiagnosis, Epidemiology and Economic Importance of Hypodermosis in Goats in Balochistan

Hypodermosis, caused by warble fly Przhevalskiana silenus (Order: Diptera, Family: Oestridae), is an endemic parasitic infestation of goats in Pakistan. The larvae of this fly, obligatory parasite of their hosts, are economically very important causing severe losses to leather industry. This infestation is also responsible for growth retardation, carcass depreciation and production losses in milk and meat. Keeping in view the importance of this infestation, studies were designed on serodiagnosis, epidemiology and economic importance of hypodermosis in goats in northern uplands of Balochistan, Pakistan, with the objectives to diagnose warble fly infestation at early stages through serology for better control and eradication strategies, to study different epidemiological factors (age, sex, breed, temperature, humidity and rain fall) contributing goat warble fly infestation, to compare seroprevalence over the prevalence based on clinical examination and to study the economic importance of hypodermosis in the study area. The duration of the study was one year (April 2011 to March 2012) and the most prevalent breed of goat i.e. khurasani breed in uplands of Balochistan was involved in the study which was compared with the non-descriptive breed of goat. In the first experiment, a total of 1440 sera samples were processed by commercial ELISA kit (IDEXX hypodermosis serum antibody test) method. The infestation was detected in May (summer) while the infestation is usually detected in the months of October until February (winter) by clinical palpation method when warbles appear on the backs of the animals. ELISA based seroprevalence showed the highest mean percentage (48.45 % ± 16.14) of goat hypodermosis. In the second experiment on epidemiology, the mean percentage was 15.94 % ± 5.65 by clinical palpation method in the field. In the slaughter house and skin market studies, the mean percentages were 9.07 % ± 3.90 and 7.16 % ± 3.39, respectively, while the mean intensity was 16.19 ± 3.04 holes per skin. Analysis 1of data by Pearson Chi-square test (χ2), revealed highly significant differences (P<0.05) in the overall prevalence of hypodermosis in the fields, slaughter houses and skin markets district-wise. The prevalence was significantly higher in the field animals than the slaughtered animals. Month-wise highest prevalence was noted in January and lowest in October in the field animals. Age-wise prevalence was highest (P<0.05) in the age group of 1-2 years as compared to < 1 year and > 2 years of age groups whereas no significant difference (P<0.05) was observed sex-wise and breed-wise. The life cycle of warble fly in naturally infested goats was studied from April 2011 to March 2012. First instars larvae (L1) were observed in subcutaneous tissues from mid of May to mid of July in slaughter houses of the study areas, second instars larvae (L2) from mid of July to November and third instars larvae (L3) were palpated in the field animals from December until the end of February. The pupal period was observed in early spring in the months from March to mid April while the adult fly activity season (Oviposition period) was observed in early summer from mid April to mid May. In the third experiment, the overall loss due to skin damages by warble fly infestation was calculated as Pak. Rupees 7578625.49 (Pak. Rs. 7.57 million = US$ 77530.69, US$ 1= Rs. 97.75) annually. Based on the early detection studies, it is concluded and recommended that the best time for the treatment of goat warble fly infestation in uplands of Balochistan is in the months of June and July when first larval instars are still in migratory stage and not yet have caused damage to the skin while the farmers usually treat their animals against warble fly in the winter season when they observe the warbles on the back of the animals but at that stage the larvae have damaged the skins of the animals.
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