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استفہام بمقصد تاکید

استفہام بمقصد تاکید

ڈاکٹر عبید اللہ فہد فراہی کی نظر میں بعض اوقات استفہام سےسوال کرنا مقصود نہیں ہوتا بلکہ تاکید کےلیے بھی یہ اسلوب استعمال ہوتا ہے ۔ قرآن پاک میں استفہام کایہ اسلوب تاکید وتعظیم کے معنی میں بہت استعمال ہوا ہے ۔ [[1]] سورۃ القیامہ میں مندرجہ ذیل آیات میں استفہام کا زور دیکھیے:

" أَلَمْ يَكُ نُطْفَةً مِنْ مَنِيٍّ يُمْنَى ، ثُمَّ كَانَ عَلَقَةً فَخَلَقَ فَسَوَّى ، فَجَعَلَ مِنْهُ الزَّوْجَيْنِ الذَّكَرَ وَالْأُنْثَى ، أَلَيْسَ ذَلِكَ بِقَادِرٍ عَلَى أَنْ يُحْيِيَ الْمَوْتَى "۔ [[2]]

"کیا وہ ایک گاڑھے پانی کا قطرہ نہ تھا جو ٹپکایا گیا تھا ؟ پھر لہو کا لوتھڑا ہوگیا پھر اللہ نے اسے پیدا کیا اور درست بنادیا۔ پھر اس سے جوڑے یعنی نر مادہ بنائے۔ کیا (اللہ تعالیٰ ) اس (امر) پر قادر نہیں کہ مردے کو زندہ کر دے"۔

: " هَلْ أَتَى عَلَى الْإِنْسَانِ حِينٌ مِنَ الدَّهْرِ لَمْ يَكُنْ شَيْئًا مَذْكُورًا “[[3]]

"انسان پر کبھی ایسا وقت آیاہے کہ نہیں جب وہ کوئی قابل چیز نہیں تھا) اس سورۃ کی ابتداء استفہام ،تاکید ،تقریر اورانسانی قلب کو ایک نرم لمس کے ساتھ ہوئی ہے "۔ (۲۷)



[[1]]         فلاحی، ڈاکٹر عبید اللہ فہد، قرآن مبین کے ادبی اسالیب، دار التذکیر، لاہور، ۱۹۹۹ء، ص۱۳۱۔

[[2]]          القرآن ، ۷۵ :۳۷۔ ۴۰

[[3]]         القرآن ، ۷۶: ۱۔

Impact of Marketing Leadership Effectiveness on Change Management in Manufacturing Sector of Pakistan

The major theme of this paper is exploration of new dimensions of marketing leadership effectiveness. These dimensions are discussed in theoretical perspective but the main contribution of this research is their empirical testing. The four intellects namely business, spiritual, emotional as well as political intelligence of marketing leaders are taken for measuring marketing leadership effectiveness and their impact on change management is analysed. The data was collected from manufacturing sector of Pakistan from the marketing leaders who are involved in the process of change management through purposive sampling technique. The sample size for current study was 200. Reliability of items is checked through Cronbach’s Alpha test. Results of correlation and regression analysis of study found positive and it is concluded that four selected intellects can act as measures of marketing leadership effectiveness which help in managing change successfully in organizations. This research has significant implications for industry experts as they can judge the ability of marketing managers while assigning them leadership role after measuring the four intellects as proposed in this research. For academia point of view, researchers who are interested to measure marketing leadership effectiveness can gain insight from present research.

In Vitro and in Vivo Toxicological Study of Selective Medicinal Plants

The present work was aimed to appraise the biological activities and toxic potential of medicinal plant extracts of Ricinus communis, Datura innoxia and Croton tiglium. Different parts of selected plants were extracted separately through different extraction techniques using methanol which were further fractionated using polarity base solvents. The methanolic extracts as well as fractions were assayed for antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic (hemolytic, brine shrimp) and mutagenic (Ames) studies. The identified compounds from different plant parts were analyzed through advanced techniques such as GC-MS, LC-MS and NMR. The proximate composition of whole plant was also studied and variations in parameter were recorded among selected plants. The qualitative and quantitative phytochemicals screening, were also performed that these medicinal plants were rich source of different phytoconstituent. The biological assays showed that selected medicinal plants exhibited considerable antioxidant potential and selected plants extracts were also showing promising antimicrobial potential. It was also depicted from current study that the plant extracts also have potential of DNA protective conducted on the pBR322 DNA induced by UV and H2O2. The plant extracts found to be cytotoxic as evident from hemolytic, brine shrimp lethality and mutagenic activity by Ames test at variable levels. From in vivo study it was proved that Datura innoxia and Croton tiglium showed significant toxicity and developed micronucleus and also proved cellular damage against vital organs like liver and kidney. Amino acids of selected plant seeds were also profiled in which isoleucine and tryptophan remains undetectable among essential amino acids. Chemical compounds of selected plants oils were identified by GC-MS which showed significant antimicrobial activity against the selected microbial species. In LC-MS of methanolic extracts analysis wide ranges of phenolic compounds were documented. Moreover, compounds were also purified from methanolic extracts through column chromatography and characterized by advanced spectroscopic techniques like 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR and ESI-MS, following compounds like apigenin, ursolic acid, rutin, chlorogenic acid and ferulic acid were first time reported from these plants. The current research study explored the selected medicinal plants in a very comprehensive fashion and presented their different biological aspects. In future these results may be used as foundation for large scale extraction and isolation of different bioactive compounds and their applications. Furthermore, detailed trials are recommended including animal model and cell lines.
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