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شاعر صدیقی کی نظم گوئی

شاعرؔصدیقی کی نظم گوئی
نظم دراصل نثرکی متضاد ہے یعنی وہ کلام جس میں وزن ،بحر،ترنم اور نغمگی کا خیال رکھا جائے نظم کہلاتا ہے۔لغوی اعتبار سے نظم پرونا،ترتیب دینا وغیرہ کے معنوں میں آتا ہے اصطلاح میں نظم شاعری کی وہ صنف سخن ہے جس میںفکروخیال کے لحاظ سے تمام اشعار کسی ایک موضوع اور ایک خیال کے تحت فکری گہرائی اورشدید جذبے کے ساتھ لکھے جاتے ہیں نظم کے تمام مصرعے باہم مربوط ہوتے ہیں۔
اُردو شعری اصناف میں غزل کے بعد نظم کی اہمیت مسلمہ ہے۔اْردو میں نظم گوئی کی ابتدا قلی قطب شاہ کے زمانے سے ہوئی ہے۔قطب شاہی کے دور میں جن شعرا نے نظمیں کہی ہیں اُن میں جانمؔ،ابن نشاطیؔ،ملاوجہیؔ،رستمیؔ،غواصیؔ،نصرتیؔ ،ہاشمیؔ اور عبدلؔ جیسے اکابر شعرا کے نا م قابل ذکر ہیں۔بعد میں یعنی اٹھارویں صدی کی چوتھی دہائی میں نظم کے اس ارتقائی سفر میں نظیراکبر آبادی نے سب سے اہم رول اداکیا ہے۔نظیرؔنے نظم کو ایک عوامی صنف سخن کی حیثیت سے متعارف کرایا اور پہلی مرتبہ محاسن مناظر فطرت کے علاوہ دیگر عوامی سرگرمیوں کو جگہ دی۔
نظم کا سنہرا اور جدید دور۱۸۵۷ئکے بعد شروع ہوتا ہے۔اس دور میں نظم کے کینوس میں بہت وسعت پیدا ہوگئی اور نظم کو قومی اصلاح اور تربیت کا ایک مؤثر ذریعہ سمجھنے کی حیثیت سے خاص اہمیت دی گئی۔بالخصوص آزادؔاور حالیؔ کی کوششوں سے نظم نے ترقی کی ایک اور کروٹ لی۔جس میں بہت نئے خیالات اور موضوعات نے جگہ پائی۔اس زمانے کے ایک اوراہم شاعر اکبرالہ آبادی بھی ہے جس کا کلام اْس عہد کا آئینہ دار ہے۔اکبرؔنے اپنی نظموں میں مغربی تعلیم،تہذیب ومعاشرت کی پرزور مذمت کی ہے۔حالیؔ نے جدیدنظم کی جو بنیاد رکھی تھی اْس پر علامہ محمداقبال نے نظم کی ایک ایسی عمارت کھڑی کردی جس کے بنا پر اقبالؔ اْردو کے ایک معتبر نظم گو...

طبی شعبہ میں ضرورت و حاجت سے متعلقہ فقہی قواعد کی معاصر تطبیقی صورتیں

Emergence of biomedical research and innovation with an unprecedented speed has created number of opportunities and challenges for policy makers. On the one hand, it is now possible to introduce tailor-made personal medication regime for an ailing patient to offer state of the art treatments. On the other hand, several ethical and legal issues have been raised due to the complex nature of emerging technologies.  Policy makers all over the world are constantly addressing these challenges by continuously upgrading their respective professional and regulatory frameworks. This article is an attempt to highlight Shariah maxims which have contemporary application in medical field. Lately, there has been a lot of interest in the debate of Shariah maxims and many scholars have used maxims-based analytical frameworks to show the dynamic application of Islamic law. This article builds upon those works by focusing on issues related to the medical field.

Leadership Crisis in Academia: Exploration and Measurement of Effective Academic Leadership

cademic leadership is essential for quality education and the growth of academic institutions. Ineffective academic leaders create leadership crisis. The purpose of this research project was to explore leadership crisis in academia and solution to this crisis, and to construct and validate an effective academic leadership scale in the context of Pakistan. A mixed method design that comprised four independent studies was used to meet the objectives. In study 1, the crisis situation in academia of Pakistan was explored. Focus group technique and semi structured interviews were used with a purposive sample of faculty members, students and academic leaders from randomly chosen higher education institutions to explore the reasons and solutions to academic leadership crisis. Thematic analysis was used for data analysis. Results indicated reasons and solutions to academic leadership crisis, collectively described by three groups of participants (viz., faculty members, students, and academic leaders). All three groups agreed that main reasons of academic leadership crisis were the ineffective leadership along with issues in educational institutions, decline of ethical and moral values, and unjustified methods of leader selection. The participants suggested that we need to replace current academic leaders with effective leaders to bring change in the institutions. Study 2 was designed to explore the charcteristics of effective academic leadership and to compare these charcteristics with the characteristics of corporate leadership. A purposive sample of 200 particpants: students, teachers and corporate sector employees provided the sources of data for the qualities which they deemed essential in effective academic and corporate leaders. Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis were used to analyze the data. Communication skills, assertiveness, creativity, integrity/honesty, confidence, motivation and humbleness were the similar attributes in both effective academic and corporate leaders. As 12 differences concern, people expected an effective academic leader to have intellectual ability, cooperative skill, flexibility, knowledge, understanding and respectful attitude, which provideed a softer image of academic leader. Whereas, a corporate leader was expected to be visionary, disciplined, and passionate In study 3 qualities of effective academic leaders were used to develop a tool/ measure of effective academic leadership. A pool of 26 items was generated for measuring effectiveness of academic leaders through scale construction. A purposive sample of 100 academic leaders of public and private sector universities from different cities of Pakistan was selected. After using exploratory factor analysis, a uni dimensional solution was found which accounted for 52.83% variance. Cronbach‘s alpha yielded a value of .97. Construct validity of the final 19-items scale was established via using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) through AMOS 21.0. Convergent validity of scale was established by correlating scores on Effective Academic Leadership Scale with the scores on Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (Bass & Avolio, 1992). Results revealed significant positive correlation between the two scales (r =.32. p <.01). Study 4 was conducted to assess the relationship and predictive strength of effective academic leadership in job satisfaction and organizational commitment. Job satisfaction appeared to be significantly positively related to EALS whereas organizational commitment remained non significant with EALS. Limitations, future suggestions and implications of all the studies have also been discussed.
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