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المبحث الأول: ممیزات أشعار نازك الملائکۃ

المبحث الأول: ممیزات أشعار نازك الملائکۃ

 یوجد في شعر نازک الملائکۃ ’’القیمۃ الفعلیۃ‘‘ وھذہ القیمۃ لا تتمثل في أن شعرھا قابل للتقلید أو أخذہ کنموذج مثالي یقتدي بہ من بعدھا الآخرون، ولکن المیزۃ الممتازہ في شعرھا بأن لدیھا القدرۃ علی التحرر من العاطفۃ والرومانسیۃ وما إلی ذلک۔

 ویذکر شوقي بزیغ في مجلۃ العدد’’ وقد تکون تربیۃ نازک المحافظۃ ونشأتھا في أسرہ متعلقۃ بأھداب القیم الموروثۃ ھي من بین العوامل التي دفعتھا إلی احترام العادات والتقالید المحیطۃ لھا من کل جانب، وعلی الرغم من إقامتھا الطویلۃ في أمریکا فنحن لا نلمع في شعرھا ما یشي بالتجرؤ علی الأعراف السائدۃ وتجاوز المحظورات لابل إننا نکاد لا نعرف شيئاً عن حیاتھا الخاصۃ أو عن علاقاتھا العاطفیۃ التي سبقت الزواج‘‘[1]۔

 فیذکر شوقي بزیغ لا بد من الاعتراف بأن نازک، بسبب النشأۃ أو الخوف أو مکانۃ المرأۃ العربیۃ أو بعض الظروف الاجتماعیۃ لم تسمح للشاعرۃ أن تتعمق في الحداثۃ أو بما تکون الحالۃ الاجتماعیۃ أو مکانتھا أو عادات البيئة العربیۃ والواقع العربي والعراقي بوجہ خاص وقد تکون ھذہ الظروف نفسھا ھي التي لونت معظم قصائدھا بلون الحزن والألم ، وجعلت الموت یحتل موقعاً متعلقاً في نظرتھا، ولکن الجانب الإیجابي یحجب علی حزنھا ویظھر الجانب الآخر وھي قدرتھا علی تحویل حزنھا إلی مادۃ للتأمل الھادئ والتبصر العمیق والتعجب في الحیاۃ وفي أحوال النفس وأسرارھا، وھو ما تکمن ملاحظتہ في قصائدھا مثل "أجراس سوداء" و "مرثیۃ یوم تامہ" و "الشخص الثاني" و "الخیط المشدود في شجرۃ السرو" وغیرھا[2]۔ نلاحظ أن معظم قصائدھا ملون بلون الحزن والألم وقد تکون أسبابھا لیست ظاھرۃ ولکن ربما یکون ھناک سر مختبيئ في قلب الشاعرہ، وھي لا تستطیع إظھارہ وذلک بسبب حالة من الحالات أو بسبب ظروف معینۃ ویتضح ألمھا الداخلي ونظرتھا الی الوجود والأشیاء، بأنھا فانیة...

صلة تأويل النّص بأصول التخاطب في العربية

This article defines principles of pragmatism and text. It endeavors to elements of interpretation of text as well as relation which plays its vital role for connecting both; text and pragmatism with each other. It goes on to describe a mechanism of reading and understanding of text along with elaboration of its interaction with text. It is so because Arabic based structure and text is having multi-coloured aspects and meanings. It has several ups and downs like surface and depth, metaphor, imagery and allegory in addition to exploitation and adaption. Interpretation of text is the grass-roots of productive cognition. Because the ambiguity in word, sentence even in structure weather it is shorten or long is interpreted in addition to the interpretation of meanings of structures which are ordinarily defined and recognized through involving context and situation of context, bearing in view the original meaning; lexical meaning alongside interpretation with its significant principles and elements. However, all the description said before locates frequently infinity of text meanings.      

Synthesis and Biological Activity of Biuret and Dithobiuret Metal Complexes

A variety of bis and tris thiobiureto and dithiobiureto Co(II), Ni(II), Cd(II), Cu(II), Zn(II) metal complexes were synthesized by reacting N,N-dialkylcarbamoyl or N,N-dialkylthiocarbamoyl with potassium thiocyanide and twelve different commercially available amines. These complexes were characterized by spectroanalytical (UV-Vis, FT-IR, 1H-NMR and 13C-NMR) and single crystal X-ray diffraction techniques. To find percentage composition of atoms i.e. C, H and N present in synthesized complexes were also determined by CHN analysis. The obtained data from UV-Visible, FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and elemental analysis were compared with the reported values which satisfactorily justified the synthesis of thiobiuret and dithiobiuret metal complexes. The structure of five complexes such as bis(1,1,5,5-tetramethyl-2,4-dithiobiureto)nickel(II) 12, bis(1,1,5,5-tetramethyl-2-thiobiureto)copper (II) 24, bis (1,1,5,5-tetramethyl-2,4-dithiobiureto) cadmium (II) 36, bis[(Z)-3-(3,3-dimethylbutanyol)-1,1-diethyl-2-thiobiureto]nickel (II) 48 and tris[(Z)-3-(3,3-dimethylbutanyol)-1,1-diethyl-2-thiobiureto] cobalt(II) 54 was unambiguously confirmed with single crystal X-ray analysis, establishing that the geometry of Ni(II), Cd(II) complexes (12, 36) is tetrahedral, square planar for Cu(II) and Ni(II) (24, 48) and octahedral geometry for (54) Co(II) complexes. Synthesized complexes were considered to evaluate their conductance and results indicate that they possess differential levels of electrolytic characteristics, which indicates that complexes had positive electrolytic behavior, whereas few complexes showed suppressed electrolytic properties. Regarding the assessment of antibacterial, antifungal, protein kinase inhibition, total antioxidant capacity, reducing power, DPPH radical scavenging, xxi ABTS antioxidant potential and anticancer assay; fourteen synthesized complexes were used for antibacterial and antifungal activity, thirty two complexes were considered for rest of the abovementioned assays. Out of fourteen complexes 8, 12, 13, 14, 27, 32, 38 had significant activities against three bacterial strains i.e. Echerishia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa due to NCS containing moieties and 2, 3, 4, 12, 14, 27, 38, 47 possess differential levels of inhibition against Aspergilus niger, Flavus solani, Mucor species and Aspergilus flavus microbes. Out of thirty two said complexes on the other hand, 3, 5, 7, 10, 13, 15, 17, 19, 28, 46 and 1-8, 10, 12, 13, 14, 16-19, 22, 28-31, 43, 46 complexes were found as potential agents for protein kinase inhibition and antioxidant activity, respectively. Furthermore, all said synthesized transition metal complexes possessed significant inhibition activity against the cancer cell line. In all, biological findings obtained through the present study indicate that almost all synthesized complexes are promising candidates to combat cancer effect by suppressing oxidative stresses, and as well as anti-microbial activity to control infections. However, further comprehensive animal based studies are warranted to confirm our results to be translated them as drugs/medicines in future.
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