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انج تاں توں ڈکینڈا نئیں ہائیں۔

انج تاں توں ڈکیندا نہیں ہائیں، ڈکیا ہنجواں ہاہواں نال
انج تاں توں ٹھلیہندا نہیں ہائیں، ٹھلیا ٹھنڈیاں ساہواں نال
بدل ماحول گیا اے سارا نویاں قدراں بدلن نال
گولاں اج وناں تے نہیں نے، نہیں نے بور اکاہواں نال
سر دا بھار اوڑک نوں اپنے پیراں اتے اونا ایں
اپنے بھار نے چونے پوندے ٹٹیاں ہویاں باہواں نال
ہک دوجے نال مل کے سارے لوک ترقی کر دے نیں
بندے نکل جاندے نیں اگے، اپنیاں اپنیاں ٹھاہواں نال
پٹھے وڈھ کے چھیڑ مجھیں دا اج رجونا پوندا اے
ڈھور کدے وی رج دے نہیں نیں، بنیوں پٹے گھاہواں نال
نازک جان ملوک تیری اے، اوکھا پیار دا پینڈا ای
ساڈی ریس ناں کر توں جھلیا، اسیں ہاں حال تباہواں نال
بھانویں اوگنہار ہاں میں، پاک نبیؐ دی امت ہاں
مینوں ساڑ دوزخ نہیں سکدا اگاں اتے بھاہواں نال

Pleasure versus Virtue Ethics in The Light of Aristotelians and the Utilitarianism of John Stuart Mills and Jeremy Bentham

The question of the end of morality is certainly as old as moral speculation itself. It is this question that prompted Aristotle speculating on moral or character virtue. Moral question is properly a human question since only human beings are expected to act in a given way and are subject to praise and reward or blame and punishment. We should remember that also God and angels are expected to act in a given way, but that would, strictly speaking, be the subject of moral theology and revelation, since without revelation depending only on reason, we cannot examine the acts of God and angels in order to determine how they should act. In short, it is only human beings who can be judged to act morally or immorally if we depend only on human reason, without the support of revelation. In the whole work, Stuart Mills and Jeremy Bentham stick on happiness, though each differ in approaches. Consequentialists are after the greatest happiness of the greatest number, by advocating on the struggle to that which may make man happy and avoid evil by all means. Aristotle on his side is on eudaimonism, where man is found to be happy but moral happy. Happiness for Aristotle should be reasonable, morally good and means should be maintained. This research is analytical by nature, where both qualitative and analytical methods have been implemented throughout the work. The work has been successful though some challenges could not be avoided. Finally, in doing or acting, man should observe virtue; and this is always doing good and avoiding evil.  

Exploring Differences in Elementary Science Teachers Perceptions of Effective Teaching in District Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan: Comparison Across School Systems

There is a universal perspective that teachers play the most important role in students learning. However, there is an ultimate requirement for teachers to understand what makes teaching effective. Therefore, understanding effective teaching, particularly science instruction is more multifaceted, as perceptions regarding effective teaching vary. With this backdrop, the current study aimed to explore the difference in elementary science teachers’ views of effective teaching across school systems in district Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan. Using a cross-sectional survey method, ‘Effective Teaching Quality Survey’ (ETQS) tool was directly administered to 130 participants, randomly selected from the government (n= 65) and private (n= 65) schools. The findings of this study illustrated that in overall, the elementary science teachers hold interesting views on various domains of teacher effectiveness framework. Teachers value classroom management and organization as the most effective aspect of effective teaching that enables them to focus the classroom time on students learning. Moreover, teachers selected safe environment, links instruction to objectives, student engagement, creative homework and fair treatment with students as their highest priorities for good teaching. Statistically, the difference was found to be non-significant, on most of the components of effective teaching, when compared the school type. It depicted that to greater extent teachers hold similar views across the school systems. However, interesting patterns of differences emerged in ETQS. The difference favored private schools for showing concern for physical and emotional well-being (p= 0.02) and monitoring student progress (p= 0.03) However, the pattern reversed for respect all students (p=0.03) as government school teachers have given more importance to these aspects than their private counterparts. This survey study possesses important intuitions into teachers’ perceptions of effective teaching across the school system at the elementary level for educational policies and classroom practices. ETQS would play an important role and contribute to literature. Furthermore, on the basis of ETQS large scale research studies could be carried out in future. There is a universal perspective that teachers play the most important role in students learning. However, there is an ultimate requirement for teachers to understand what makes teaching effective. Therefore, understanding effective teaching, particularly science instruction is more multifaceted, as perceptions regarding effective teaching vary. With this backdrop, the current study aimed to explore the difference in elementary science teachers’ views of effective teaching across school systems in district Ghizer, Gilgit-Baltistan. Using a cross-sectional survey method, ‘Effective Teaching Quality Survey’ (ETQS) tool was directly administered to 130
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