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ترے دعوے ترے وعدے کبھی سچے نہیں نکلے

ترے دعوے ،ترے وعدے کبھی سچے نہیں نکلے
کہ ہم تکتے رہے تھے راہ تم گھر سے نہیں نکلے

کہیں کیا، حادثہ تو روز ہی ہوتا رہا کوئی
یوں اچھے دن بھی اپنے خیر سے اچھے نہیں نکلے

یہی ہے عشق جب بھی پھونک ڈالا آگ نے گھر تو
کھلونے چھوڑ کر باہر کبھی بچے نہیں نکلے

دمِ آخر جو میرے ان لبوں پر نام تھا اُن کا
وفاؤں کے یہ دھاگے شکر ہے کچے نہیں نکلے

تری تو ہے خدائی اے خدا سارے جہانوں پر
تعجب ہے کہ تجھ سے بھی مگر رستے نہیں نکلے

Perceptions of Pakistani Society About Western Enlightenment: An Analysis in the Light of Islamic Teachings

The study was conducted to examine some of the important questions raised by both the religious scholars and the proponents of the Enlightenment movement. The purpose of the study was to interpret enlightenment in Western and Islamic context and to examine the impact of western enlightenment on contemporary Pakistani society in the light of Islamic teachings. The study was quantitative in nature. Survey was conducted to probe into the perceptions of the Pakistani people regarding impact of western enlightenment on various aspects of contemporary Pakistani society. The sample of the study was 1000 people from four provincial headquarters of Pakistan including male and female from urban and rural areas of the provincial capitals. Two research instruments were developed by the researcher based on review of the related literature. First was a questionnaire named WEBI, Western Enlightenment Beliefs Inventory; second was a checklist named WEKAPC, Western Enlightenment Knowledge, Attitude and Practices Checklist. Results showed that most of the respondents were of the view that western enlightenment exerted significant influences on their thinking, lifestyles, and education, culture, media and social practices. Majority of the respondents thought that western enlightenment emphasized on tolerance, cultural harmony, equality, social justice and independent thinking. Gender-wise comparisons indicated that male respondents were more positive towards western enlightenment than the female respondents. It was recommended that Pakistani society needs to be made aware of the philosophy of western enlightenment and Islamic values which are characteristics of western enlightenment movement. There is need to initiate interfaith dialogue to understand socio-cultural dynamics of a Muslim society and a western society.

Phytochemical and Pharmacological Investigations of Quercus Incana

The present study was aimed to extract, fractionate, isolate and standardize the chemical constituents from the plant, Quercus incana, in order to find out their phytochemical and pharmacological mode of action, so as to discover a new source for potentially active constituents used for the benefits of mankind. Quercus incana, which is a large evergreen tree belongs to family Fagaceae. The Fagaceae is a large plant family found in Asia, North America and Europe. Quercus incana has been used in different ailments such as diarrhea, neurosis, pyrexia, dysentery, pain, inflammation and burns healing in conventional medicines. It is also employed to treat gonorrhea and used as an astringent, diuretic, and various nervous disorders all over the world including Pakistan. In the present research work, the plant Quercus incana was explored for its chemical constituents using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques for potentially new and therapeutically active agents. The bark portion was selected for isolation, on the basis of preliminary pharmacological activities and its common use by the local people and Hakims and Tabibs in different ailments. Some activities were performed on fruit extract also. Crude extract of bark and fruit of Quercus incana and the new compound isolated from bark were screened for various in-vitro and in-vivo biological activities like antibacterial, anti oxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory etc, inorder to give scientific background to various ethnomedicinal applications of the plant which will lead to safe, therapeutic, effective and economical way of treatment of different diseases and to examine and analyze the chemical composition of the plant. For the isolation of pure secondary metabolites, the ethyl acetate fraction (obtained from crude methanolic extract of the bark) was subjected to column chromatography. The structures of purified compounds were elucidated by using various sophisticated spectroscopic techniques i.e, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, COSY, NOESY, DEPT, HSQC, HMBC, UV, IR and EI-MS. The plant was found to be a new source of six compounds such as, betulinic acid, 9-octadecanoic acid methyl ester(z-form), gallic acid, gallic ester, b-sitosterol glucoside, and quercitin. Three known compounds like β-sitosterol, ursolic acid, and lupeol were also isolated. Quercuschin, which was a completely new compound was discovered for the first time from this plant source. Results of in-vivo biological studies reveal that the plant possesses very good property of producing peripheral and central analgesia. The data obtained from different experiments supports the use of the plant in relieving fever, and treating inflammatory conditions. The different in-vitro activities of new compound were conclusive of the fact that the plant is a good natural antioxidant and can be used to treat various bacterial and fungal infections. The isolation work done on the plant (bark) of Quercus incana yielded 10 compounds. In these 10 compounds, 7 were reported for first time from this plant species : THESE WERE , betulinic acid, 9-octadecenoic acid methyl ester(z-form), gallic acid, gallic ester, b-sitosterol glucoside,quercitin , and one compound NAMELY Quercuschin: was absolutely new and was never reported before from any source AND was discovered for the first time from this plant source. 3 compounds were KNOWN compounds: NAMELY β-sitosterol, ursolic acid, and lupeol, Findings of this research project, especially the biological activities of chemical constituents of the plant, strongly support the folkloric uses of the plant and its applications in traditional treatment. The isolated compounds strengthen these activities. However, further comprehensive research work on the crude extract as well as on isolated compounds is needed to explore and identify lead compounds of clinical effectiveness for the development of new drugs in order to strengthen the field of drug discovery.
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