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دوسرا باب: موسیؑ سے ربیوں تک

دورِ خروج

باب دوم کے اہم نکات

  1. عہد خروج میں عبرانیوں کی حالت۔
  2. قاضیوں کے دور کی اہمیت۔
  3. داؤدؑ و سلیمانؑ کے ادوار۔
  4. متحدہ بنی اسرائیل کی تقسیم۔
  5. شمالی و جنوبی ریاست کی تباہی۔
  6. جلا وطنی میں گزرا بابلی و فارسی دور۔
  7. ہیکل کی تعمیر نو۔
  8. یونانی دور میں یہودیوں کے حالات۔
  9. مکابیوں کی مختصر حکومت۔
  10. رومی دور اور مسیحیت کا عروج۔
  11. تلمود کی تشکیل۔
  12. بابل میں ربیائی یہودیت کا استحکام۔

 

عبرانی بائیبل سے پتہ چلتا ہے کہ عبرانی قوم جب مصر میں آباد تھی تو ان کی تعداد میں کافی اضافہ ہو گیا جس پر مصر کا بادشاہ فکر مند ہوا۔ اس نے اپنے سپاہیوں کو حکم دیا کہ ہر نئے پیدا ہونے والے عبرانی لڑکے کو قتل کر دیا جائے تاکہ ان کی تعداد نہ بڑھ سکے۔ عبرانیوں کا چار سو سال فرعونوں کی غلامی میں رہنے کے بعد مصر سے نکل کر کنعان جانا خروج کہلاتا ہے۔ یہ دور تقریباً 1275- 1250 قبل مسیح پر محیط ہے۔ توریت کی دوسری کتاب بھی اسی نسبت سے "خروج" کہلاتی ہے۔

موسیؑ اور بنی اسرائیل کی تشکیل نو

رمسیس/رعمسیس/رامسیس/رمیسس دوم (1290–1224 ق۔ م) کے دور تک یہی روایت چلی آتی رہی کہ اسرائیلیوں کے بیٹوں کو قتل کر دیا جاتا اور ان کی بیٹیوں کو زندہ چھوڑ دیا جاتا تاکہ وہ مصریوں کی باندیاں بنیں۔ بنی اسرائیل میں عمرام/عمران اور یوکابد نامی میاں بیوی رہا کرتے تھے جن کے ہاں موسیؑ (1300-1271 ق۔ م) کی پیدائش ہوئی جو بعد میں اپنی قوم کے نجات دہندہ بنے۔ توریت کے بیان کے مطابق تین ماہ تک ان کی والدہ یوکابد نے ان کو چھپا کر رکھا تاکہ فرعون کے...

الأبعاد النفسية والتربوية في نظر سيدنا عمر بن الخطاب تجاه القدس

When looking at the history of every human civilization, one may find some people or places that go down in history, and their biography does not disappear until God inherits the land and those on it. One of these places is the city of Jerusalem, a city where no two differ on its importance. A city that is home for sanctuaries, history, and monuments and every inch speaks of its greatness. Especially in the history of Islam, which linked it wonderfully to the Qibla of Muslims (the Sacred Mosque) after it was the first Qibla in the history of Islam. This high standing link was perpetuated by the Holy Qur’an in Surat Al-Isra and in many other places. This research has shown its importance to Muslims, the reason Muslims love it and their dedication to defending every single grain of its sand, and how did the esteemed Companions view it? This research spoke about some of the aspects that are related to the personality of our master Omar bin Al-Khattab, may God be pleased with him, (which are the psychological and educational aspects) while looking at the importance of Jerusalem to him, may God be pleased with him, which existed since pre-Islamic time and how it extended to the time of Islam and has emerged during his caliphate, may God be pleased with him.

Using Questioning for Formative Assessment in a Lower Secondary Class in a Community School in Pakistan

This study set out to help one secondary school, science teacher on the use of questioning for formative assessment in the class. During the data collection period, I worked very closely with him, working in a community school, to introduce the use of questioning for formative assessment in chemistry in class eight. I collected data for this study over a period of seven weeks. I gathered the data through classroom observation, unstructured interviews and informal discussions. I also kept a journal throughout the period of data collection where I noted important points, my feelings, and new questions that emerged concerning questioning for formative assessment. I reflected deeply on my role as a teacher educator, change agent, and learner. The dissertation contains thick descriptions of planning, teaching and post teaching interactions that highlight the delicate relationship the researcher had with the research participant. Findings of the study show improvement in questioning skills for formative assessment of my research participant. He improved on question distribution, seeking opinions from other students, probing, sharing learning intentions with his students at the beginning of the sessions and providing feedback to the students. Also, the findings show numerous possible challenges that a teacher might face during the use of questioning for formative assessment. The challenges were time, the number of students in the classroom, a noisy class, the problem of students cramming (rote memorization), and practical knowledge of the teacher. Likewise, the researcher faced a number of challenges that ranged from a lack of expertise in co-planning, co-teaching and lack of competence for conducting action research.
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