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کینیڈی

کنیڈی
گذشتہ مہینے مسٹر کنیڈی کاقتل دنیا کاسب سے زیادہ الم انگیز واقعہ بھی ہے اور خصوصاً اس ملک کے حکمرانوں کے لیے سبق آموز و عبرت انگیز بھی! الم انگیز اس لیے کہ مسٹر کنیڈی اپنے دل ودماغ کے غیر معمولی اوصاف وکمالات کے باعث ایک نہایت وقیع اور بلند پایہ شخصیت کے مالک تھے۔اُن کے یہی وہ کمالات تھے جنھوں نے دوبرس کے اندر ہی کم عمر وجوان ہونے کے باوصف ان کو بین الاقوامی دنیا کاہر دلعزیز ہیرو اور لیڈر بنادیا تھا اور سبق آموز وعبرت انگیز! وہ اس لیے کہ ایک طرف دنیا کی سب سے زیادہ طاقت ورمتمول اور ترقی یافتہ حکومت کاجوان وکم سال سربراہ ہے جس کے لیے عیش وتنعم کی زندگی بسرکرنے میں نہ کوئی رکاوٹ ہے اور نہ اُس کے اسباب کی کمی ۔مگراس کے باوجود اپنے ملک کی مظلوم ومقہور اقلیتوں کی دادرسی کااُس نے جو عزم اوراعلان کیاہے اُس میں وہ اس درجہ سچا، پختہ اوراستوار ہے کہ اُس کی اپنی قوم سخت منحرف ہوکر اُس کی جان کی دشمن ہوگئی ہے لیکن اسے اس کی ذرا پروا نہیں، وہ جوکہتا ہے اُسے کرگزرتا ہے۔یہاں تک کہ اسی راہِ حق وصداقت میں وہ جان بھی دے بیٹھتا ہے اور دوسری طرف اس ملک کے حکمراں ہیں کہ اقلیتوں کے دستور ی حقوق کی حفاظت و نگرانی کے بلند بانگ دعوے کرتے ہیں مگر اکثریت جس کی حمایت اُن کے اقتدار کاسہارا ہے اُس کی ناراضگی کے ڈرسے بہت سے زبانی اور کاغذی وعدے خوابِ پریشاں سے زیادہ کوئی حقیقت نہیں رکھتے۔ وہاں فرض شناسی ہے اور یہاں خودغرضی۔ وہاں ایمان داری، حق گستری اوراس کے لیے جاں سپاری ہے اور یہاں بے ایمانی کوتاہ نظری اور بزدلی ۔ فاعتبرویااولی الابصار۔
[دسمبر ۱۹۶۳ء]

 

Moral Reforms in a Community: Modus Operandi in the Light of Sīrah

It’s always the people who define the status of a society. If the people of a society are civilized, the society will be called an ideal society. Moral reforms and behavioural therapy of individuals of the society are basic factors to establish an ideal society. Such an ideal society was established by Prophet Muḥammad (P.B.U.H) in Madina where he laid the foundations of brotherhood and equality among citizens of that state. He showed tolerance towards people belonging to different religions by protecting all their human rights and by providing indiscriminate and quick justice. He not only made the social institutions strong but also developed a history of human civilization. We simply need to work on our moral values and behaviours. We should study the daily life of Muḥammad (P.B.U.H) and mould our lives according to that. Dire need of the modern world is the rectification of human behavior in the light of the ideal life of Muḥammad (P.B.U.H). It will give an opportunity to breathe the same spirit into the contemporary social attitudes so that our society may become peaceful.

Microbial Production of Glucose Oxidase and its Commercial Applications

Glucose oxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) is an important enzyme that oxidizes glucose to gluconic acid. It is present in all aerobic organisms and has become a very useful enzyme for its wide applications especially in food industry and in clinical analysis. The most important application for GOX is the determination of glucose using biosensor technology. GOX belongs to a large group of enzymes oxido reductase and is also called as glucose aerodehydrogenase Glucose oxidase was produced from different microorganisms. Both fungi and bacteria produce glucose oxidase during fermentation. The present project was planned for the optimum production of glucose oxidase by Aspergillus niger and its utilization for estimation of glucose and for the production of calcium, gluconate, gluconic acid and its derivatives. The project was divided into two parts, in the first part production of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger was investigated and the second part consists of commercial applications of glucose oxidase. Here the aim was to improve GOX production using mutagenesis of A. niger, to optimize the conditions of fermentation, screen fungal strains producing highest GOX activity, and to medium composition. Mutagenesis was carried out on several strains at different time intervals. GOX enzyme purified by (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 precipitation technique was dialysed and subjected to gel filtration chromatography. The enzyme was found to be intracellular. Five strains of A. niger isolated from grapes, bread, potato, pickle and sugar beet sources were screened for maximum GOX production. It is clear from our results that the A. niger strain isolated from potato was best for GOX production. This strain showed the maximum enzyme activity in medium containing 10% (w/v) glucose and at pH 5.5. Different conditions like the fermentation period, varying concentrations of urea, MgSO 4 .7H 2 O, CaCO 3 and KH 2 PO 4 were optimized by conducting different experiments. The maximum activity of glucose oxidase was recorded after 48 hours of continuous shaking fermentation of optimum growth medium containing 3.5% (w/v) CaCO 3 , 0.2% (w/v) Urea, 0.4% (w/v) KH 2 PO 4 and 0.01% (w/v) MgSO 4 .7H 2 O. It was observed that addition of Urea, CaCO 3 , and KH 2 PO 4 in the medium enhanced the GOX production whereas addition of MgSO 4 .7H 2 O decreased the GOX production. The GOX was found PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.comto be quite active upto 60 o C with optimum temperature at 30 o C. The batch fermentation volume of 50 ml at 100 rpm speed shaker was found to be the optimum for GOX production. Among mutant, it was found that mutant (9) had maximum activity and growth. The UV induced mutation gave a stable and viable culture for hyper production of GOX as the production was enhanced. Then the enzyme was purified by (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 precipitation technique, Dialysis and Gel filtration chromatography. It was observed that enzyme activity was increased by increasing (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 concentration. Enzyme activity also increased by Dialysis and Gel filtration chromatography from 11.90 to 37.24 μ/ml. Purification was 11.55 folds than simple precipitation at this final step. In the second part of project two commercial applications of GOX were investigated i.e. estimation of glucose by standardization of conditions using GOX and the production of calcium gluconate, gluconic acid and its derivatives using GOX. In the first application the three enzymes GOX, mutarotase (EC # 5.1.3.3) and peroxidase (EC # 1.11.1.) were produced, extracted and purified for the preparation and optimization of glucose estimation kit. The enzyme concentrations of 5 μL mutarotase, 15 μL glucose oxidase and 10 μL of peroxidase with chromagen Guaiacol added before peroxidase, proved to be best for estimations of glucose in blood samples. The sensitivity of the best kit was as low as 50 mg/dL glucose. The wavelength of 470 nm was best for the test. The results were comparable with standard kit of Medisense Abbott (UK). In the second application, calcium gluconate and gluconic acid and its derivatives were produced by glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger. The time course during fermentation showed that the calcium gluconate production was maximum at 48 hours after conidial inoculation. The cultural conditions optimized for maximum calcium gluconate production were, glucose concentration 10% (w/v), pH 5.5, 7% (w/v) CaCO 3 , 0.2% (w/v) urea 0.15% (w/v) KH 2 PO 4 concentration at 35 o C. Different nitrogen, phosphate and metal carbonate sources were also optimized. The present study also described the production of gluconic acid and its derivatives on the laboratory scale. Gluconic acid and its metal salts such as sodium, magnesium, copper and nickel gluconates were synthesized from calcium gluconate which was produced by fermentation. The gluconic acid was released by the action of oxalic acid and sulphuric acid on calcium gluconate. Sulphuric acid gave better yields i.e. (90%) as compared to oxalic acid (80%). So the organic acid was obtained by PDF created with pdfFactory Pro trial version www.pdffactory.comH 2 SO 4 in the present work because it was cheap and readily available in local market. Metal gluconates were also produced by both the double decomposition and gluconic acid methods respectively. It is clear from the study that the gluconic acid method gave greater yields compared to the double decomposition method. This project will help in the commercial production of products using GOX in Pakistan.
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