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سلطان عبدالعزیز آلِ سعود

سلطان عبدالعزیز آلِ سعود
گزشتہ سنہ اس لحاظ سے بہت اندوہناک تھا کہ اس کے آخری مہینوں میں دنیائے اسلام کی متعدد بڑی شخصیتوں نے سفر آخرت کیا، ان میں ایک اہم شخصیت سلطان عبدالعزیز آلِ سعود کی تھی، جو اپنے اوصاف و خصوصیات کے لحاظ سے موجودہ تمام مسلمان فرمانرواؤں میں نہایت ممتاز حیثیت رکھتے تھے، ان کی ذات میں علم و دین تدبیر و سیاست اور شجاعت و حوصلہ مندی کا بے مثل اجتماع تھا، انھوں نے اپنے تدبر و شجاعت سے اپنے اسلاف کی کھوئی ہوئی عظمت و شوکت دوبارہ حاصل کرلی، اور حجاز پر قبضہ کرکے نجد کی معمولی ریاست کو ایک طاقتور حکومت بنادیا، ان کو اپنے اسلاف کی طرح، رد بدعات اور احیائے سنت میں بڑا اہتمام تھا، اور اس سلسلہ میں انھوں نے مفید مذہبی اصلاحات کیں، ان کا سب سے بڑا کارنامہ یہ ہے کہ انھوں نے حجاز جیسے علاقوں کو جہاں وحشی بدوؤں کے ہاتھوں انسانی جان و مال کی کوئی قیمت نہ تھی اور ترکی جیسی طاقتور حکومت اپنے زمانہ میں امن قائم نہ کرسکی تھی، امن و امان کا ایسا گہوارہ بنادیا، جس کی نظیر اس زمانہ میں نہیں مل سکتی اور جس کا اعتراف دوست و دشمن سب کو ہے، آج حجاز کے جس ویرانہ میں چاہے، انسان سونا اچھالتا ہوا چلا جائے کوئی شخص آنکھ اٹھا کر دیکھنے کی ہمت نہیں کرسکتا، بلکہ راستہ میں گری پڑی ہوئی چیزوں کو بھی کوئی شخص اٹھانے کی جرأت نہیں کرسکتا۔
سلطان خود صاحب علم اور علماء اور علوم و فنون کے بڑے قدردان تھے، انھوں نے نجد و حجاز میں بہت سے مفید علمی و تعلیمی کام انجام دیئے، اگرچہ عام نجدیوں میں طبعاً سختی و درشتی ہوتی ہے اور وہ اپنے عقیدہ کے خلاف دوسروں کے عقائد مشکل سے برداشت کرسکتے ہیں جس کی بناء...

Sayyid Ahmad Shahid’s Role in Islamic Revivalism: A Critique

Abstract: The emergence of Sayyid Ahmad Shahid on the political horizon of Muslim India in the early 19th century synchronized with the loss of Muslim political power. This loss led to departure of the Muslim community from Islam in its pristine purity. Sayyid Ahmad Shahid embarked upon the gigantic task of reviving Muslim enthusiasm toward the pristine Islam. The overbearing theme of what Sayyid Ahmad Shahid stood for amounted to the saying ‘back to the Qur‘an and ‘back to the traditions of the Prophet (s. A. W.) \ By that time the Mughal rulers were too weak to effect any meaningful change. Muslim religious scholars like Sayyid Ahmad rose to the occasion. Sayyid Ahmad, like other scholars, devoted his energy to diagnose the malaise of the Indian Muslims, on the one hand and tried to identify solution to the problems in Islam, on the other. He came to conclusion that changes could be brought about if Muslims reformed their ways. For that matter he preferred social Jihad, which was originally intended to purify or purge Islam of accretions from

A Statistical Study of the Risk Factors for Urinary Bladder Cancer in Pakistan

This study investigated the effect of different risk factors in the occurrence of urinary bladder cancer in Pakistan on the basis of a case control study using both descriptive and analytical approaches. A sample of 900 subjects including 300 cases and 600 controls was selected from different areas of Pakistan including headquarter of all four provinces and federal area (Islamabad) through a questionnaire. The requisite information was obtained from all the patients/ controls by the researcher using the direct interview method. From the headquarters of Khyber PukhtoonKhwa, Sindh, Baluchistan and federal area (Islamabad), 150 subjects (including cases and controls) were taken from wards of two selected public hospitals but from the headquarter of the Punjab (Lahore), 300 subjects (including cases and controls) were taken from the wards of four selected public hospitals. Controls are taken by matching the gender, area of residence and age above 40 years. About 22 factors with sub categories were included in the study. For bivariate analysis, the chi-square, phi/v statistics and Kandall’s tau-b are used. For the purpose of multivariate analysis, the binary logistic regression was run by using the SPSS (version-16) to observe the significant risk factors and prediction of the model. In the descriptive analysis, it was observed that risk of bladder cancer increases with an increase in the number of cigarettes smoked per day, years of smoking and risk decreases when the stop smoking period increases. Further more, similar results were observed in the bivariate analysis. In the overall analysis, the six factors including hair dye, chemical exposure, family history, cigarette smoking, fried items and fats items are found to be positively significant with the odds ratios and 95 % confidence intervals of odds ratios (2.96; 1.396-6.279), (2.59; 1.460-4.607), (3.13; 1.325-7.394), (10.6; 7.007-15.941), (2.11; 1.364-3.269) and (2.08; 1.309-3.305), respectively. While the three factors including lifestyle, fluid consumption and use of fruits are found to be negatively significant with odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals for the odds ratios (0.102; 0.056-0.187), (0.268; 0.183-0.392) and (0.292; 0.193-0.440), respectively indicating that these three factors are protective factors against urinary bladder cancer. In area wise study, eight factors age, social status, lifestyle, family history, cigarette smoking, tea, fluid consumptions and fruits in Punjab, three factors cigarette smoking, source of drinking water and fried items in Islamabad, six factors chemical exposure, lifestyle, cigarette smoking, fluid consumption, fried items and fruit in Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa, three factors cigarette smoking, fluid consumption and fruits in Baluchistan and two factors cigarette smoking and fluid consumption in Sindh are found to be significant. In eight factors of Punjab, age, family history, cigarette smoking and tea are found to be positively significant while the other four factors social status, lifestyle, fluid consumptions and fruits are negatively associated with the bladder cancer. In three factors of Islamabad, two factors cigarette smoking and fried items are observed to be positively significant while the source of drinking water (government provided water) is observed to be protective as compared to the tap water. In six factors of Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa, chemical exposure, cigarette smoking and fried items are directly associated with the risk of bladder cancer while the other three factors lifestyle, fluid consumption and fruit are the protective factors for the disease. In three factors of Baluchistan, cigarette smoking is found to be positively significant while the fluid consumption and fruits are inversely associated with risk of bladder cancer. In two factors of Sindh, cigarette smoking is directly associated with disease while the other fluid consumption is found to be negatively significant. Cigarette smoking is the major risk factor and found to be significant in each area of Pakistan. Fluid consumption is also major protective factor and found to be significant in all areas except Islamabad. In studying the occupational risk factors, four categories of the occupations including cooks, drivers, metal workers and textile workers are found to be significant with the odds ratios and the 95% confidence intervals (14.132; 4.068 - 49.088), (7.949; 3.321- 19.025), (7.571; 3.147 - 18.214) and (2.168; 1.136 - 4.138), respectively. While the farmers, painters and leather workers are observed to be insignificant in Pakistan. According to this study, the cooks are at higher risk of bladder cancer as compared to all other occupations. Key Terms: Bladder cancer, Risk Factors, Logistic Regression, Odds ratio, Controls, Significance, Retrospective
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