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المبحث الرابع: اِنکار

المبحث الرابع: اِنکار

(انکار) ھذہ المجموعۃ الشعریۃ الرابعۃ لبروین شاکر التي تم إشاعتھا (1990م)، وھذہ المجموعۃ الشعریۃ لھا مکانۃ عظیمۃ في الساحۃ الأدبیۃ مثل المجموعات الثلاث السابقۃ وھذہ المجموعۃ ھي المرآۃ الصادقۃ عن حقائق الحیاۃ، وھي مکونۃ من کلمات راقیۃ في قمۃ الإبداع والمھارۃ الفنیۃ، وتناسق الألفاظ وترتیب المفاھیم ذات الإحساس الرھیب علی النفس، في (خود کلامي) و (انکار) أسلوب الشاعرۃ قاس إلى قدرٍ ما واستعملت الکلمات التي فیھا دلیل علی أحزانھا ومآسیھا وتوضح في ھاتين المجموعتين متاعب المجتمع وآلام المعیشة الصعبۃ وتعطي نظرۃ نقدیة حول المجتمع وأصولہ وقوانینہِ، وإذ أراد القارئ أن یری البيئة وما فیھا من أحوال إجتماعیۃ وإنسانیۃ أو سیاسیۃ فعلیہِ أن یقرأ الإنکار بتأمل لأن فیہا صورۃ دقیقۃ تعکس الصورۃ الصادقۃ الواضحۃ عن المجتمع وما فیہ من عیوب ونقائص۔

 یقول الدکتور سلیم اختر عن انکا ر بأن ھذہ المجموعۃ الشعریۃ تعطي إبداعًا في سفرھا الفني وتظھر الشاعرۃ في قصائدھا صدیقۃ ومخلصۃ الجمھور[1] وفي (إنکار) لا تذکر الشاعرۃ آلامھا ومشاکلھا الخاصۃ إنما تناولت آلام وأوجاع المجتمع وحالات العصر الحاضر ، وبما أن شاعرتنا ھذہ کانت معروفۃ ومشھورۃ لذلك لم تستطع ان تغض نظرھا عن حالات المجتمع، ولم تستطیع ان تصرف نفسھا عن جمھورھا ومحبیھا، لذلک تناولت مواضیع عدۃ تتعلق بالمجتمع ومافیہ من مشاکل ومصاعب۔

 ویقول الدکتور سعادت سعید بأن بروین شاکر لم تتناول موضوعاً واحداً بل أنھا کانت تتناول جمیع ما حولھا من مواضیع شتی لھا العلاقۃ بالإنسانیۃ وتناولت ھذہ الأقدار بمشاعرھا الحساسۃ، وکانت أفکارھا متطورة تتقدم نحو الأفضل بأسالیب متطورۃ تضيء بھا طریق المجتمع، وکانت تمتاز الشاعرۃ بالإنسانیۃ وأنھا کانت صاحبۃ الإبداع والمھارۃ الفنیۃ في أن تجمع بین الفرد والکل، وتضع قوانین الإصلاح بالمطالعات الحرۃ المختلفۃ[2]۔

 یتضح من ذلک أن المجموعۃ الشعریۃ (إنکار) مزیج من الکرب والوحدۃ والبعد عن الحیاۃ وتتناول المراحل...

Dehumanization of Refugees: A Postcolonial Eco-Critical Study of Mohsin Hamid’s Exit West

This paper explores Mohsin Hamid’s literary representation of dehumanization of refugees in the age of globalization, the exploitation of humans and their land, as well as the impact of migration on the lives of the migrants in his novel Exit West. The research uses the theoretical framework of postcolonial ecocriticism by Huggan and Tiffin to critically analyze the primary text. This research employs qualitative method to draw parallels between the exploitation of humans and their environment in Hamid’s novel while exploring the dehumanized treatment of refugees, reasons of migration, and the role of war, science and technology in the destruction of environment in this particular narrative. Textual analysis, more specifically, content analysis is used as a method to link the global humanitarian and environmental crisis in the primary text under the Postcolonial Eco-critical ideology.

A Molecular Study of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Preneoplasia in Relation to Oncogenetic Mechanisms in Pakistan

Background: Oral cancer is a major problem globally and more so in Pakistan as it ranks as the second most common malignancy with an aggressive nature and a high mortality despite modern, advanced treatment options. The strong causal association with smoked and chewed tobacco and its substitutes, prevalent in this region makes it imperative to consider the mutation analysis of molecular genetic profile and the role of HPV in oral oncogenesis. It would help in early and accurate detection of targets for therapeutic implementations. Objectives: To identify the genetic mutations in a subset of Pakistani patients of oral cancer and precancer with dominant exposure to a different set of environmental carcinogens as betel quid, arecanut and its substitutes. Moreover to identify the role of HPV in oral carcinogenesis with interactive relationship of chemical and viral carcinogens. Methodology: Hundred clinically diagnosed and histologically confirmed cases of OSCC and 50 cases of oral premalignant lesions were included in the study. Details of demographic data alongwith personal habits concerning tobacco related carcinogen exposure were noted. A meticulous local and general examination was conducted. Controls were included for histological and molecular comparisons. The tissues obtained at biopsy or surgical resections were subjected for routine histopathological reporting followed by Immunohistochemical analysis of commonly reported mutated oral cancer genes in oral cancer viz p53, p16, H ras, CyclinD1, C Myc, and EGFR. HPV 16 and18 status was detected by Q- PCR. Statistical evaluation was done by SPSS version 16. Results: The ages of 100 patients of OSCC ranged from 25-80 years and 50 preneoplasia from 26 – 65 years with the mean age being 47.84+/- 12.18 and 40.22+/- 9.66 respectively. In OSCC group 74 were males and 26 were females, in preneoplasia 35 were males and 15 females; the male to female ratio being 2.84:1 and 2.33:1, respectively. Ninety one patients of OSCC and 46 (92%) of oral preneoplasia were exposed to tobacco, BQ and BQS, 29 and 32 were exposed to a combination of these. Cheek was the most common site for OSCC (50%) and OPL (42%). Nearly half (48%) of OSCC were well differentiated and majority (74%) presented in advanced stages III and IV. In oral preneoplasia cases 80% presented as leukoplakia and 50% showed mild dysplasia. HR- HPV 16 and 18 were found to be positive in 15 (15%) cases of OSCC and 3 (6%) cases of oral preneoplasia presented with greater prevalence of HPV 16. p53 nuclear protein positivity was seen in 70 (70 %) cases of OSCC and 27 (54 %) of OPL significant correlation (p <0.05) with chemical risk factors was found. Lack of immunoexpression of p16 was observed in 82 (82 %) cases of OSCC and 43(86%) of OPL. EGFR revealed membranous staining in 68 ( 68 %) of cancer cases and in 23 (46 %) dysplastic oral lesions. A strong association was seen with the most common BQ and tobacco chewing habit and significant correlation was observed with stage of oral cancers. H ras cytoplasmic immunoexpression was detectable in a significantly high proportion (50%) of oral cancers and premalignant lesions 17 (34 %). C myc nuclear positivity was observed in 36 /100 (36%) cases of Invasive oral squamous carcinomas and 11 / 50 (22%) cases of premalignant dysplasias. Cyclin D1 gene overexpression with evidence of nuclear positivity was detected in biopsy materials of 40 (40%) oral cancers and 14 (28%) dysplastic oral precancerous lesions. Highly significant coexpression (p<0.05) of HPV was observed with p16 and negatively significant with p53. A significant negative association (p < 0.05) was seen among p16 positive oral cancer cases and p53 and EGFR. Conclusion: A strong etiologic role of chemical carcinogens as smoked and chewed tobacco, betel quid and its substitutes is confirmed in Pakistani population. A frequency of molecular alterations was detected in p53, p16, EGFR and H ras; in early stages of oncogenesis. HR- HPV was detected in a substantial number of oral cancers and preneoplasias but chemical carcinogens have a dominant role. Overexpression of p16 was found in HR HPV positive cases. Key words: Oral Squamous cell carcinoma, Oral premalignant lesions, Betel quid, tobacco, areca nut, immunohistochemistry, molecular markers, HPV, PCR.
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