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شہدائے خیر پور ناتھن شاہ

شہدائے خیر پور ناتھن شاہ

ستون دار پر رکھتے چلو سروں کے چراغ

جہاں تک یہ ظلم کی سیاہ رات چلے

جنرل ضیاء الحق کے مارشل لاء کے خلاف تحریک بحالی جمہوریت 1983ء میں پاکستان پیپلز پارٹی کے پانچ سو ارکان شہید ہو ئے تھے مگر 12ستمبر 1989ء کو سب سے خون ریز واقعہ خیر پور ناتھن شاہ سندھ میں پیش آ یا جب فوج کی گلیوں سے بارہ افراد شہید ہو ئے ۔آج ان کی برسی خیر پور ناتھن شاہ میں منائی جا رہی ہے ۔

 

 

Post-Independence Colonial Impacts on the Political Development of Pakistan: The Bureaucracy

The ethos of every postcolonial country was shaped by the way in which it secured its independence, therefore in analyzing the political development of Pakistan from its creation one must consider the related development of India prior to Partition, exploring the nature of colonial rule and it’s far reaching impacts on the political development of Pakistan after independence. While India has seen innumerable kingdoms rise and fall and many waves of invasions, the British encroachment in India from the 18th century onwards, particularly the direct incorporation of India as the jewel of the British Empire in 1857, was unique in that it wrenched the locus of political and economic control away from the Subcontinent to Europe. However, many British residents in India ‘went native’, by adopting local religion and culture. The British loved India, whether residents such as Rudyard Kipling or the ruling elite in Britain (e.g. Queen Victoria had Indian servants and companions). The British cultivated an elite group of administrators from the powerful indigenous landowners and middle-class professionals (the latter of whom were mainly from Hindu castes), which helped the British to consolidate their vested interests to strengthen their rule in India. The amalgamated British army consisted of Indian and British soldiers under the command of British officers. This paper discusses in detail the impacts of British colonial rule in the Subcontinent with special reference to post-independence Pakistan drawing on archival records and other written materials on the subject.

الحجاز فی ادب الرحلة العربی

travelogue writers who wrote about Hijaz. Fourth chapter discusses political, economic and religious overview of Hijaz in the light of travelogues. Fifth chapter has three sub-chapters and talks about the styles of travelogues.
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