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عورت اور مصری تہذیب

عورت اور مصری تہذیب

قدیم مصری تہذیب میں اکثر و بیشتر بادشاہ اپنی بہن سے شادی کرتا حتیٰ کہ بیٹی سے بھی شادی رچائی جاتی تھی ۔اس کے لیے تاویل یہ پیش کی جاتی کہ شاہی خون خالص رہے۔ فرعونی دور کی تحریروں کو جب ڈی کوڈ کیا گیا تو معلوم ہو ا کہ مصری شاعری میں لفظ بھائی بہن محبوب اور محبوبہ کے معنوںمیں بھی استعمال ہوتا تھا ۔بادشاہوں کے حرموں میں بہنوں کے علاوہ سینکڑوں کنیزیں رکھنے کا شوق اپنی جگہ مگر متوسط آمدنی والے مصر کے عام لوگ یک زوجگی پر قانع رہتے تھے ۔خانگی زندگی بدیہی طور پر بڑی حد تک بہتر تھی۔عورت کو طلاق دینا آسان نہ تھا ۔عقد میں آنے والی عورت کو جائیداد میں اچھا خاصا حصہ ملتا۔ایک مغربی مفکر کا قول ہے کہ کسی بھی قدیم یا جدید تہذیب نے عورت کو وہ بلند قانونی رتبہ نہیں دیا جتنا وادی ِ نیل کے باشندوں نے دیا۔ اپنی تند خو (سقراطی) بیویوں کو گھر میں بند رکھنے کے عادی یونانی سیاح یہ آزادی دیکھ کر ششدر رہ جاتے ۔ فرعونی دور کے ادب میں عورت کی حیثیت اور عظمت کے گُن گائے جاتے تھے۔ مصری عورت سے محبت ایک قومی فریضہ سمجھا جاتا تھا۔ مصری مرد کو صرف مصری عورت سے ہی قلبی اور جنسی وابستگی کی ترغیب دی جاتی۔ ایک مصری بزرگ اپنے سننے والوں کو سمجھاتے ہیں کہ’’ باہر سے آنے والی ایسی عورتوں سے ہوشیار رہو ۔یہ گہرے پانیوں کے بھنور کی مانند ہوتی ہیں‘‘۔اسی طرح ایک مصری اپنے بیٹے کو نصیحت کرتے ہوئے لکھتا ہے کہ’’اگر تم نے اپنا گھر کامیابی کے ساتھ سجا سنوار لیا ہے اور خوب صورت ترین بیوی تمھاری آغوش میں ہے تو اس کا پیٹ بھرو اور کمر پر کپڑا ڈالو۔اس کی خوشی کا سامان مہیا کرو کیوں...

The Influence of Covid-19 on Indonesian Investment

The COVID-19 outbreak has had a serious impact on almost all countries in the world, including Indonesia. In response to this case, various policies began to emerge. Starting from the implementation of work from home, social distancing and physical distancing, until the implementation of large-scale social restrictions (PSBB). Overseas investors are busy focusing their finances on the needs of their respective countries to fight the virus. Domestic investment (PMDN) is also predicted to experience a slowdown. The social distancing policy resulted in the community not being able to run the economic system well, especially in the Indonesian investment sector so that the perokoniman namely investment in Indonesia decreased and there were some delays in investment by other countries in Indonesia.

Utilization of Flaxseed As a Functional Food

The research work was carried out to evaluate the acceptability of flaxseed utilization in the baked products. Microwave roasting reduced the cyanogenic glycosides content of flaxseed thus making it fit for human consumption. The partial defattening of flaxseed resulted in the improvement of chemical constituents of flaxseed meal. The flaxseed flours (partially defatted and full fat) supplemented wheat flour significantly improved the chemical composition (ash, crude fat, crude fiber and crude protein) and mineral contents of the composite flours. The chemical constituents remained statistically unchanged during the 60 days of storage studies thus indicating good storage conditions. The mixing time and peak height percentages of the composite flours reduced significantly by the supplementation of flaxseed flour into wheat flour. The scores assigned to all the sensory parameters of chapattis and breads affected significantly with the variation in levels of flaxseed supplementation in wheat flours. The scores for overall acceptability, aroma and taste of chapattis decreased when prepared and tested at 0, 30 and 60 days of flours storage. The scores assigned to all the internal and external sensory attributes of breads decreased by increasing the level of flaxseed supplementation in straight grade flour. The 16% defatted and 12 % full fat flaxseed flours were found the maximum acceptable levels for replacement in chapattis, while in breads 12% replacements of both flaxseed flours resulted in acceptable product. Total, soluble and insoluble dietary fibers, essential amino acid contents and linolenic acid content of chapattis and breads are improved substantially due to the supplementation of partially defatted flaxseed flour or full fat flaxseed flour into wheat flour. True digestibility, NPU, BV and PER of chapattis and breads improved by the supplementation of flaxseed flour. The highest values of TD (84.6), PER (1.87), NPU (54.65) and BV (64.6) were recorded in rats group fed on diets prepared from chapattis containing 16% partially defatted flaxseed flour (PDF). Total cholesterol, glucose, LDL-C and triglyceride contents in rats’ serum decreased due to inclusion of flaxseed supplemented chapattis and breads in their diets. The concentration of HDL improved in the serum of rats fed on diets prepared from flaxseed supplemented chapattis and breads. The diets based on chapattis supplemented with 16% PDF contributed to reduce the serum glucose of rats by 18.16 %, cholesterol by 15.33%, triglycerides by 7.45% and LDL by 18.26%. The HDL concentration of rats serum increased by 7.36% in rats fed on diet prepared from 16% PDF supplemented chapattis. It is proved that flaxseed based bakery products can help to cure and control the cardiovascular diseases in developing countries like Pakistan. It can be advised to public that inclusion of flaxseed in their daily meal plan may be beneficial therapy to control and cure diabetes and cardiovascular diseases.
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