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شری لال بہادر شاستری

لال بہادر شاستری
پنڈت جواہر لال نہرو کا غم ابھی فراموش نہ ہوا تھا کہ ملک نے ایک اور لعل بے بہا کھودیا، شری لال بہادر شاستری کی موت ہندوستان کا عظیم ترین حادثہ ہے۔ ان کی موت سے ہندوستان ایک ایسے فرزند سے محروم ہوگیا جس کی تلافی مدتوں نہ ہوسکے گی، انھوں نے ملک و قوم کی خاطر غریب الوطنی میں جان دی اور مرنے سے پہلے ایک ایسا کارنامہ انجام دے گئے جو ہند و پاک کی تاریخ میں یادگار رہے گا، مگر افسوس کہ اس کے خوشگوار نتائج اپنی آنکھوں سے نہ دیکھ سکے، پنڈت جواہر لال نہرو کی زندگی ہی میں یہ سوال پیدا ہوگیا تھا کہ ان کے بعد کوئی ایسی شخصیت نظر نہیں آتی جو وزارت عظمیٰ کے بارگراں کو سنبھال سکے، لیکن شاستری جی نے اٹھارہ مہینہ کی مختصر مدت میں یہ ثابت کردیا کہ وہ پنڈت جی کے صحیح جانشین تھے۔ اس قلیل مدت میں بڑے پیچیدہ اور نازک معاملات پیش آئے، لیکن شاستری جی نے اپنے فہم و تدبر اور ہمت و پامردی سے ان کا پورا مقابلہ کیا، معاہدہ تاشقند تو ان کے اور جنرل ایوب کے تدبر کا شاہکار ہے، گو اس سے سب مختلف فیہ مسائل حل نہیں ہوگئے، لیکن ہندوستان اور پاکستان کی ہلاکت خیز جنگ کا خاتمہ ہوگیا، اور صلح و مسالمت کی ایسی فضا پیدا ہوگئی ہے کہ اگر فریقین نے ہوشمندی سے کام لیا تو ہندوستان و پاکستان کے درمیان مصالحت اور دوستی کا خوشگوار دور شروع ہوسکتا ہے۔
شاستری جی بڑے ٹھنڈے دل و دماغ کے اور طبعاً نرم مزاج، صلح جو اور امن پسند انسان تھے، لیکن سختی کے موقع پر سخت اور ہمت و استقلال کا پیکر بن جاتے تھے، انھوں ے اپنی سلامت روی اور ہوشمندی سے ملک کو بڑے نازک حالات سے نکالا، افسوس ہے...

علامہ ابن جوزی کی تفسیر

This article describes the methodology and characteristics of Zad al-masir fi ‘ilm al-tafsir. This is one the finest work of Allama Ibn al-Jawzī, a 6th century prominent Interpreter. Several editions of this Tafsir have been published. However, the edition of dar al-kitab al-‘arbi, Beirut published in four volumes is selected for this study. This exegesis is based on conventional narrations, authentic quotations from the Islamic Scholars and lingual & grammatical discussions. As a witness, causes of verses (asbab al-Nuz┴l), Makki and Madani Surah’s (chapters), the abrogating and abrogated verses (al-nasikh wal-mans┴kh) and Islamic jurisprudence have been discussed in it where needed. The quality of this translation which is admirable is that mostly authentic Ahadith from original sources, and references to well known basic books in relevant discussions have been described.

Privatization of Agricultural Extension System in the Punjab, Pakistan: A Swot Analysis

Globally, there is a trend towards privatization due to poor performance of public extension services. Private agricultural extension system is considered demand-driven, cost-effective with efficient and quality service. In Pakistan, Privatization of agricultural extension system was started in 1988 when the then Government of Pakistan established a commission to look into the causes of poor performance of agricultural sector and suggest ways to improve its performance. The commission suggested the involvement of the private sector in reshaping agricultural extension. It was a major policy shift, in which the supply of inputs was shifted to private sector from public sector. Currently, 320 pesticide companies (private sector) are working in the Punjab. These companies not only provide pesticide products to the farmers through dealers but also provide advisory services to them. Privatization experiences in the world had mixed results. In some cases it has positive results while in other location the results are discouraging. The present study was conducted to analyze the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats for private extension system in the Pakistani context where the literature is either silent or scanty about the performance of private sector extension. A cross-sectional research design was used for the study. The study was carried out in the Punjab province which comprises five cropping zones, out of which, three zones were selected purposively. Multistage proportionate sampling technique was used for the selection of respondents. A sample of 408 respondents was selected (136 from each zone) by using simple random sampling technique. Sample size was determined by using Fitzgibbon table (Fitzgibbon & Lynn, 1987). Similarly, a sample of 60 respondents from EFS of Syngenta (Pesticide Company) were also selected randomly by using the same table. The data were collected through personal interviews with the help of validated research instrument. The data, thus collected were analyzed by using computer software (i.e. SPSS). The results showed that a diagnostic skill of the EFS was strength of the system. Attributes of the EFS i.e. politeness and good conduct with farmers were also rated as strengths. Group discussion method was rated as strength of the system. However, subject matter coverage, target beneficiaries, extension approach and functions, communication, competencies of EFS of private extension found to be the weakness of the system. Limited opportunities existed for the demand of advisory services for specific crops at specific location and fee-based private extension system in the country. Overall it poses threat for the system. There were great discrepancies observed between the perceptions of the farmers and the EFS about the same questions. According to the EFS, the system has more strengths as compared to weaknesses. It is suggested that the steps should be taken to mitigate the weaknesses and ensure the strengths of the system. Similarly, threats should be converted into opportunities.
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