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اہم تحقیقی و تدوینی اصطلاحات

اختلاف نسخ: تدوین متن میں میں مختلف نسخوں کے اختلافات
نسخہ: کسی قلمی یا مطبوعہ کتاب کی ایک جلد
اساسی نسخہ/بنیادی نسخہ: وہ نسخہ جسے تدوین میں اہم ترین مان کر متن دیا جائے۔
خطی نسخہ/قلمی نسخہ: ہاتھ سے لکھا ہوا نسخہ
دستخطی نسخہ: مصنف کے ہاتھ کا لکھا یا ٹائپ کیا ہوا نسخہ
وحید نسخہ: اگر کسی متن کا دنیا میں ایک ہی نسخہ ملتا ہو اور کوئی نقل نہ ہو تو اسے وحید نسخہ کہتے ہیں۔
آمیختہ نسخہ: وہ نسخہ جس کا متن پہلے کے دو نسخوں سے ملا کر تیار کیا گیا ہو۔
ماخذی نسخہ: جس نسخے سے کسی دوسرے نسخے کی نقل کی جائے
ماخذ: کتابیات کا پہلا مفہوم
مسودہ/کاپی ٹیکسٹ: جو صاف نسخہ تیارکرکے طباعت کے لیے دیا جاتا ہے
کلیات: کسی شاعر کا مجموعہ کلام (نثر /نظم) جو شاعر نے خود یا پھر کسی دوسرے شخص نے
مرتب کیا ہو۔
اشاریہ: کتاب کے آخر میں متن میں مذکورہ اشخاص، مقامات، کتب، اداروں وغیرہ
کی ہجائی ترتیب مع صفحہ نمبر
اوقاف: جملے، فقرے اور لفظ میں توقف اور تخصیص وغیرہ کے نشانات
رموزاوقاف: اوقاف کی علامتیں
بیاض: کسی کی ذاتی کاپی جس میں وہ اپنے یا دوسروں کے اشعار ، نظمیں یا غزلیں لکھ
لیتا ہے۔
تحریف: کسی شعر یا نثری جملیکے اصل متن میں تبدیلی کردینا
تخریج: کسی ادیب یا شاعر کے کلام میں دوسرے کلام کی نشاندہی کرنا
تحشیہ: کسی متن پر حاشیے لکھنا
ترقیمہ: مخطوطے کے آخر میں کاتب کی اختتامیہ عبارت جس میں کاتب کا نام، مالک
کتاب یا فرمائش کنندہ کا نام، زمان و مکان کتابت، اختتامی شعر وغیرہ میں
سے کچھ یا سب دیے ہوں
تسوید: کسی مضمو ن یا کتاب کا پہلا مسودہ لکھنا
تصحیح: متن میں اگر کچھ صریحا غلط ہے تو اس کو درست کرنا
حاشیہ:...

مسئلہ ختم نبوت پر دلائل کا منہج و اسلوب : تجزیاتی مطالعہ

The belief of the finality of Prophet Hood (Khatm e Nabuwwat) is the basic belief of the Muslim Ummah, and this belief has been adopted since the first day. From the time of the Prophet ﷺ until now, the belief in the end of Prophet Hood has been protected on practical grounds and intellectually. Muslim scholars and philosophers, while strengthening it on the basis of rational and simulated arguments, did not leave a single aspect from which it could be undermined. They presented simulated arguments for the misguided sects in Muslim Ummah and for the non-Muslims, presented rational arguments in such a way that there was no reason left to disbelieve this belief. In this research article, there is a description of the simulated and rational arguments that are usually presented, such as the Quranic verses and their interpretation, the Hadiths, and the sayings of the scholars. And it has also been narrated what their style of reasoning is, in the same way, the legislation that has been passed in this regard in Pakistan has been presented in detail. Hopefully, this will make it clear what are the services of scholars and thinkers on this issue and what is their style.

Synthesis and Structure-Activity Relationship Studies of Some New Molecules Encompassing Thiazole Core

The Chemistry and biological studies of heterocyclic compounds has been important field for a long time in Medicinal Chemistry. It is a fundamental need for the development of new drugs having potent activities. The discovery of new drug candidates has been the burning issue of all the times owing to new emerging diseases. Synthetic and natural heterocyclic compounds are the subject of R & D units of many pharmacological, agrochemical and industrial laboratories. Around 90% of new medications contain heterocyclic moieties. The presented work is a contribution in the field of pharmaceutical industry regarding the discovery of new drug candidates. The amalgamation of two heterocyclic moieties i.e. 1,3-thiazole and 1,3,4-oxadiazole, were carried out in the designed molecules to impart them possible therapeutic properties. The new compounds have been synthesized by encompassing different bioactive moieties including 1,3-thiazole, 1,3,4-oxadiazole, alkyl halide, Acetamide and propanamide. The synthesized molecules have been subjected to evaluation of their antibacterial, enzyme inhibitionand hemolytic potential. Furthermore, enzyme inhibition potential results have been supported by computational docking in order to find the types of interactions with the active site of involved enzymes. Six (06) schemes have been used to demonstrate the synthesis of ninety (90) compounds. In Scheme-1, 1,3-thiazole-2-amine (1) wasstirred with 2-bromoacetyl bromide (2) in basic medium to yieldN-(1,3-thiazol-2-yl)-2-bromoacetamide (3) as an electrophiles. In a parallel reaction different 5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol (7a-o) were synthesized from corresponding aryl carboxylic acids (4a-o) through esterification and hydrazide formation. The final compounds, 8a-o, were synthesized by stirring 7a-o and 3 in an aprotic polar solvent. In Scheme-2, the synthesis was initiated by the reaction of 4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (9) with bromoacetyl bromide (2) in aqueous basic medium to obtain an electrophile,2-bromo-N-(4-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)acetamide (10). In parallel reactions, a series of carboxylic acids, 4a-o, was converted, through a sequence of three steps, into respective 1,3,4-oxadiazole heterocyclic cores, 7a-o, to utilize as nucleophiles. Finally, a series of compound, 11a-o, was synthesized by coupling 7a-o, individually, with 10 in an aprotic polar solvent. In Scheme-3, firstly, an electrophile, 2-bromo-N- XII (5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-yl)acetamide (13), was synthesized by the reaction of 5-methyl-1,3-thiazol-2-amine (12) and bromoacetyl bromide (2) in an aqueous medium. Then, the electrophile 13 was coupled with the aforementioned1,3,4-oxadiazoles (7a-o)to obtain the targeted bi-heterocycles (14a-o). In Scheme-4, the synthesis was initiated by the conversion of ethyl 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetate (15) to corresponding 2-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)acetohydrazide (16) by the reaction with hydrazine hydrate in methanol. The treatment of acid hydrazide, 16, with carbon disulfide gave a bi-heterocyclic 5-[(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiol (17). The target compounds, 19a-o, were synthesized by stirring the parent 17 with different electrophiles, 18a-o, in DMF using LiH as weak base and activator. In Scheme-5, the synthesis of a new series of S-substituted derivatives, 23a-o, of 5-[(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl]-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiol (17) were synthesized and evaluated for enzyme inhibition study along with cytotoxic behavior. Different electrophiles, 22a-o, was synthesized by the reaction of aniline (20a-o) and 2-bromoacetyl bromide (21) in an aqueous medium. The target compounds were synthesized by stirring 17 with different electrophiles, 22a-o, in DMF using LiH as weak base and activator.In Scheme-6, the synthesis of a novel series of bi-heterocycles, 26a-o, was accomplished by S-substitution of 5-(2-amino-1,3-thiazol-4-yl)methyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiol (17). A series of electrophiles, 25a-o, were synthesized by stirring primary amines (20a-o) with 3-bromopropanoyl chloride (24) in a basic aqueous medium. The target compounds, 26a-o, were synthesized by stirring 17 with synthesized electrophiles, 25a-o, in DMF using LiH as a weak base and activator. The synthesized compounds were initially confirmed through thin layer chromatography (TLC) and then finally corroborated through spectral data of IR (Infra Red), 1H-NMR (Proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance), 13C-NMR (Carbon-13 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) and EIMS (Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry). Some spectra are also given for structural elucidation in the discussion section of chapter 4. The physical datalike color, state, yield, melting point (not for sticky solids), molecular formula and molecular mass of all the synthesized compounds also have been provided. Four enzymes, namely, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), α-Glucosidase and urease were used to establish the structure-activity relationship of all these synthesized bi-heterocyclic compounds. The antibacterial potential against different bacterial strains was conducted through thedisc diffusion method. Activity through diffusion method was compared with XIII Ampicillin. Doxorubicin was used as astandard to find out cytotoxicity of these synthesized compounds by killing brime shrimps at different concentration. All synthesized derivatives were computationally docked against AChE, BChE α-glucosidase, and urease to explore the binding modes of the ligands. Among the synthesized ninety (90) compounds, various compounds have shown pharmacological activity potential. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) of these synthesized compounds has been elaborated in chapter 4 under the discussion section. The most potent antibacterial agents and enzyme inhibitors with less toxicity might be subjected to in vivo study for further analysis as drug candidates. These compounds might be considered for the pharmacological industries as new drug candidates for a drug discovery program.
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