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۔ ڈاکٹر سکندر حیات میکن کی تحقیقی و تنقیدی کتاب

ڈاکٹر سکندر حیات میکن کی تحقیقی و تنقیدی کتاب " ادبی ستارے پر ایک اجمالی نظر ۔۔

وجیہہ ضمیر

تحقیق ایک دقیق کام ہے ۔جس میں ہم پر وہ آشکار ہوتا ہے جو ہم سے مخفی ہوتا ہے یا کسی  چیز کی اصل تک پہنچنا یا  پھر اس اصل کے قریب قریب تحقیق پہنچا دیتی ہے ۔ قرآن پاک کہتا ہے کہ مفہوم ہے کہ جب فاسق تم تک کوئی خبر لائے تو اس کی خوب تحقیق کر لیا کرو " یعنی غور و فکر کرنا اسلام میں پسند کیا گیا ہے

اگر ایک کام پر تحقیق کی جائے تو ضروری نہیں اس تحقیق سے اخذ شدہ نتائج حتمی ہوں بلکہ ایک موضوع پر ہر پہلو سے الگ مطالب و مفاہیم ہم تک پہنچ سکتے ہیں بلکہ پہلے کی گئی تحقیق سے راہیں ہموار ہوتی ہیں

نت نئے ادبی گوشوں کو متعارف کروانا بعض لوگوں کا جنون ہوتا ہے اور یہ ہی ادب میں کسی کام کرنے کا محرک بھی ہوتا ہے ورنہ ادب میں تو جمود طاری ہو جائے ، ڈاکٹر سکندر حیات میکن کسی تعارف کے محتاج نہیں آپ تحقیق کے معاملے میں ادبی قارئین کے سامنے کوئی نا کوئی پوشیدہ پہلو ڈھونڈ نکالتے ہیں جس کی وجہ سے مختلف محققین اور ادب کے قارئین کے لیے راہیں ہموار ہوتی ہیں ابھی حالیہ ان کا ادبی کارنامہ " ضیا بار افراد کےخطوط " بنام اصغرعلی (علی گڑھ) پر  تربیت پایا ہے اور کیا ہی شاندار کھوج نکالا ہے ۔ یہ انسان کی مسلسل اور انتھک کوشش کا نتیجہ ہوتی ہے ۔ وہ شخصیت سازی کو ایک کوزے میں بند کرنا  بخوبی جانتے ہیں وہ جانتے ہیں کہ ایک ذندہ شخصیت کو کس تناظر میں بیان کیا جاتا ہے ورنہ بڑے بڑے...

پاکستان کی سیاسی و قومی یکجہتی کے فروغ میں اُردو زبان کا کردار

Urdu is the national language of Pakistan and plays a significant role in promoting political and national solidarity in the country. Languageserves as a unifying force that brings together people from different linguistic and cultural backgrounds and fosters a sense of shared identity and belonging. One of the main ways in which Urdu promotes political and national solidarity is through its use as a medium of communication across the country. Urdu is widely spoken and understood in Pakistan, and its use as an official language ensures that people from all regions of the country can communicate effectively with each other. This helps to promote a sense of unity and understanding between different groups, which is essential for building a strong and cohesivenation. In addition to its role as a medium of communication, Urdu also has a rich literary and cultural heritage that is deeply intertwined with the history and identity of Pakistan. Urdu poetry, literature, music, and art have played a significant role in shaping the country's cultural landscape and providing a shared cultural identity for its people. Furthermore, usingUrdu in political discourse and media plays a crucial role in promoting national unity and solidarity. Political leaders and media outlets use Urdu to communicate with the public. Thelanguage is often used to express nationalistic sentiments and promote a sense of pride in Pakistan's culture and heritage. Urdu plays a vital role in promoting Pakistan's political and national solidarity byserving as a unifying force that brings together people from different regions and cultural backgrounds. Its use as a medium of communication, its rich literary and cultural heritage, and its role in political discourse and media all contribute to fostering a sense of shared identity and belonging among Pakistanis.

Malignant Lymphoma Subtypes in a Private Hospital in Nairobi: A Retrospective Cross-Sectional Study

Introduction: Lymphoma diagnosis integrates clinical, morphological, immunophenotypical and molecular genetic features as evident from the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of lymphoid malignancies.(1, 2) Although it is standard practice for histopathology laboratories in developed countries to confirm and further sub classify lymphomas using immunohistochemistry and other molecular techniques, the same is not true for developing countries like Kenya. The reasons that prevent the performance of these tests are the prohibitive costs and inadequate trained personnel. Objectives: The aims of this study were to retrospectively classify lymphomas diagnosed at The Aga Khan University Hospital (AKUHN) Laboratory based on the WHO classification system and to describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of the patients. Methods: Tissue blocks of 103 consecutive, lymphoma specimens received between 1st January 2007 and 31st December 2008 were retrieved from the archives at the Department of Pathology. Haematoxylin and Eosin slides were prepared and reviewed for purposes of confirmation and morphologic classification. Immunohistochemical expression for various lymphoma markers were assessed and scored. Findings were correlated with relevant demographic, pathologic and clinical data. Data Management and Analysis: Raw data was entered into Microsoft excel data sheets and subsequently analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17.0 database. Results: A total of 103 cases were analyzed. 79 cases representing 76.7% of the studied population were classified as Non Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), 22 cases representing 21.4% of the study population were diagnosed as Hodgkin lymphoma (HL), while 2 cases representing 1.9% of the study population were diagnosed as Non hematological malignancies. Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) represented 63% of all NHL cases. The second most common subtype was Burkitt lymphoma (BL) with 8 cases representing 10.1% of all NHL cases, followed by chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL) with 6 cases each. There were 3 cases of Mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, 3 cases of Plasmacytoma and 1 case of Follicular lymphoma (FL). Of the 22 cases of HL, 19 cases (86.4%) were of the classical subtype while 3 (13.6%) were Hodgkin Lymphoma - Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant (HLNLP) subtype. All the 19 cases of classical subtype (100%) showed positivity for LMP1 Protein indicating Epstein Barr Virus (EBV) infection, whereas all the 3 cases of HLNLP were negative for LMP1. One case which did not take up immunohistochemical stain due to poor tissue fixation was labeled as “favor NHL” by a consensus panel. This case
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