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Conclusion

When we go through the history of Sub-continent it becomes clear that Islam entered in this area during the period of rightly guided Caliphs. In 92 A.H when Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and some other parts of the present Pakistan, many Tab‘een and some companions came in the Sub-continent. It is famous that Shāh Walī Allāh (d:1176 A.H) is the first person in Sub-continent who translated Holy Qur’an in Persian and urged to ponder over its meanings. But it is not true. Makhdūm Nūḥ Hālāe’ (d:998 A.H/1589A.D) translated the Qur’ān in the Persian language and he must be regarded as the pioneer of the translation works. Shāh Walī Allāh had to face opposition on translating the Holy Book. Later on, his sons followed him produced translations in Urdu. Many scholars have written tafasir (commentaries) of the Quran. When we analyze these commentaries, it seems that influence of different schools of thought is visible on them. Although Hanfi School of Thought is in the majority but there is a division in Hanfis as well. Salfi approach has also influence in Sub-continent. In some tafsir, Sufi approach can also be seen. Moudidi is the first person who presented a theory of political Islam and his tafsir Tafhīm al- Qur’ān advocates this aspect. Hameed-ud-Deen Farahi is the first person in the Sub-continent who highlighted Nazm-e-Qur’an and his student Maulānā Amīn Aḥsan Iṣlāḥī advocated his approach in Tadabbur-e-Qur’ān.

To sum up it can be said that in Sub-continent there is variety of approaches for understanding Qur’an. This is blessing of Allah Almighty that Holy Qur’an is being understood in different ways and every scholar is getting pearls of guidance as per his ability and approach.

Analisis Prediksi Kebangkrutan Perusahaan Jasa Sektor Transportasi Di BEI Periode 2019-2021

This research aims to determine the prediction and level of accuracy of bankruptcy predictions between the Altman, Zmijewski, Grover, Springate, Fulmer, and Foster models. The sample used in this research is a transportation sector service company listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The sample was selected using a purposive sampling technique and obtained a sample size of 21 companies from a population of 47 companies. In this research, the data analysis technique used is descriptive analysis. Based on the results of data analysis, there are differences in results between the Altman, Zmijewski, Grover, Springate, Fulmer, and Foster models in predicting bankruptcy. The accuracy levels obtained from the highest to the lowest respectively were the Grover model (76%), Zmijewski model (71%), Springate model (67%). Fulmer model (57%), Altman model (43%), and Foster model (38%). The Grover model is a bankruptcy prediction model that has the highest accuracy rate of 76%.

Methodology of Purification in Four Orders A Comparative Study

Allah Almighty created man and send him to the world to establish his deputation and delegation. As both good and evil are found in man, man has always preferred evil to good. Allah Almighty send prophets in different ages to save them from evil and to purify them. In this way, prophets purified people to make them able to establish his deputation in the world. This pedigree continued till the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) came to the world. After holy prophet (P.B.U.H), this responsibility was given to the companions of holy prophet (P.B.U.H) and Muslim Ummah. The companions of holy prophet (P.B.U.H) fulfilled this responsibility in excellent manner. But after that when the Government was changed from Caliphate to Kingship, the evil trends again began to flourish in man. Then this task was fulfilled by the mysts and Sufis. They struggled alot to purify the spirits of people and established an institution which was hammed as mysticism.
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