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8. Al-Anfal/The Spoils of War

8. Al-Anfal/The Spoils of War

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

08:01
O The Prophet!
They ask you about the spoils of war to whom do they belong?
Tell them:
‘The spoils of war belong to Allah and The Messenger Muhammad.
So be mindful of Allah in reverence, awe, and piety, and
in case of disputes resolve them amicably and maintain good relations among yourselves.
And obey Allah and HIS Messenger, if you are true believers.’
08:02
Indeed, the true believers are those whose hearts fill up with awe whenever they are
reminded of Allah,
and whose faith is further strengthened whenever HIS Messages are recited out to them,
and who put their trust in their Rabb - The Lord to take care of their affairs.
08:03
It is they who establish the Salat/Prayers,
and spend in the Cause of Allah of what WE provide for them.
08:04
It is they – they are the true believers.
For them are high ranks of honor and dignity with their Rabb - The Lord,
as well as forgiveness of sinful trespasses, and
generous provisions in Paradise.
08:05
A similar situation of dispute arose when your Rabb - The Lord caused you to leave your home to fight for the Cause of Truth,
although a group of the believers were, in fact, unwilling to do it,
08:06
…. arguing with you about the truth even after it had become quite clear
as if they were being driven to their own death with their eyes wide open.
08:07
And remember even when Allah was promising you that one of the two enemy groups will be yours,

although...

غریب الحدیث پر موجود کتابوں کے اسالیب کا مطالعہ اور ان کے مناہج کا تقابلی جائزہ

Allah the elevated bestowed on prophet Muhammad SAW two basic sources of guidance for Muslim Ummah, The holy Quran and Hadith. Due to this significance of Hadith, Muslims have invented more than five hundred sciences related to Hadith. One of these sciences is Ilm Garb ul Hadith. Sheikh Moaamer bin muthana was the first scholar who has written a book on this topic.  From then on Muslim scholars have researched a lot in this regard. Dozens of scholars spent their time and wealth on it. According to the author of Moaajm ul mua’ajam more than 90 books on the topic have been published but eight of them gained much publicity and famous hood among them. Abu Ubaida, Abu Adnan, Abu Ubaida Qasim bin Salam, Ibrahim bin Ishaq Al Harbi, Abu Ubaida Ahmed bin Muhammad Alhervi, Ibn Jauzi, Muhammad bin Atheer Aljazree, Zemakhsharee. The following article consists of a brief introduction of Ilm Gharib ul Hadith along with a brief history of research about it. Then the eight famous books on Gharib ul Hadith and there way of research are examined in brief along with examples. At last a comparative study of the work done by these eight scholars is given in order to explore the differences and similarities among them.

Epidemiology and Management of Cercospora Leaf Spot of Peanut Arachis Hypogaea L. in Punjab

Cercospora leaf spot (CLS) of peanut caused by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. & M. A. Curtis) Deighton and Cercospora arachidicola Hori is the most important disease in Pakistan. It frequently inflicts colossal yield losses of more than 50% on unsprayed peanuts. CLS of peanut is a potential threat in early monsoon areas of Pothowar region. Keeping in view the economic importance of this disease, the current studies emphasized upon Infection percentage and distribution of the disease in Punjab, influence of weather variables on CLS epidemic on peanut genotypes and management strategies to mitigate the losses caused by the disease. Disease Infection percentage was greater in high rainfall zones of district Attock 87.17 -94.2% and Rawalpindi 74.00 to 82.25%. Early summer rains in low rainfall zones resulted in higher disease Infection percentage (71.62%) when these coincided with early sown crop. Studies on pathogen-environment interaction indicated that higher amount of rainfall, rainfall events and relative humidity in Rawalpindi zone favoured CLS Infection percentage while in Talagang zone these weather variables were less conducive for the disease development. Determination of pathogen species shows Cercosporidum personatum is more significant then Cercospora arachidicola in rainfed regions of Punjab. Cercosporidum personatum isolates have variation for AUDPC, epidemic rate, final severity and sporulation under different environments. Isolates of Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporidum personatum from Hafizabad in general are more aggressive then isolates from other locations. The variation observed indicates some physiological strains of CLS may be present in the peanut ecosystem. xviInfluence of weather variables on CLS epidemic revealed that monsoon rains making humid thermal ratios (HTR) quite favourable for disease development resulted in significantly higher infection percentage on all genotypes. It was suggested that six fortnight periods from last week of June to mid of September are most critical for the crop as HTR values are likely to remain the most suitable for significant increase in CLS Infection percentage. The model based on days with HTR>3.1 gave a good fit to the data In this model, the onset point of the epidemic was reached 3.5 days with HTR>3.1. Cercospora leaf spot incidence in Chakwal varies from year to year due to environmental conditions. In our model HTR explains most of the observed variation in peanut leaf spot epidemics. HTR>3.1 was best humidity and temperature based weather variable describing peanut leaf spot epidemics. Generally higher disease scores were recorded at late crop growth stages. Peanut genotypes evaluated against CLS under different ecological conditions exhibited variable reaction at different locations and periods depending upon fluctuations of environments. More than 80% germplasm available in the country was Virginia type and late maturing. The germplasm, 20-70% fell under moderately resistant group at flowering stages while at pod development stage 50-80% germplasm became susceptible to CLS. Valencia type plants had lower spots per leaf, sporulation values and reaction indices of spots per leaf X sporulation, spots per leaf X diseased area per leaf and defoliation X spots per leaf, than Virginia and Spanish botanical type plants. Reaction indices of spots per leaf X sporulation can be used for CLS resistance determination for Virginia, Valencia and Spanish botanical peanut types. Crop rotation with non host crops delayed CLS initiation for xvii25-34 and 89-108 days in residual and fallow plots, respectively. 46- 90% variation in peanut yield (Kg/ha) was described by days to disease initiation influenced by change in date of sowing. CLS mitigation by Carbendazim, Benomyl, Mancozeb, Thiophanatemethyl and Mancozeb + Benomyl fungicides significantly reduced CLS Infection percentage at final assessment stage. Peanut genotype BARD-699 was better responsive under protective disease conditions with higher yields than Accession No. 334.
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