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حدود کےنفاذ کی شرائط

حدود کےنفاذ کی شرائط
حدود کی تنفیذ کے لیے مندرجہ ذیل شرائط کا پورا ہونا ضروری ہے:
1۔ حدود کا اجراء ہر کسی کے لیے جائز نہیں بلکہ یہ حق صرف اسلامی حکومت کو حاصل ہے اور حکومت بھی اس وقت یہ سزا دے گی جب معاملہ کی پوری تحقیق ہو جائے اور ثبوت ، اقرار یا قرائن سے جرم ثابت ہو جائے اور کوئی شبہ باقی نہ رہے کیونکہ حد حق اللہ ہے اور شبہ سے حد ساقط ہوجاتی ہے۔ اسلامی قانون میں جائز نہیں کہ جرم ثابت ہو جانے کے بعد سزا میں کوتاہی کی جائے بلکہ ایسا کرنا جرم ہے۔ حد ودکا نفاذ اسلامی حکومت کے قیام سے ہو گااور امام کے ذمہ ہے ، جیسا کہ امام سرخسی ؒ نے لکھا ہے
"استيفاء الحد إلى الإمام"38 "حد کا استیفا ء امام کا کام ہے۔ "
حاکم وقت یا اس کا نمائندہ ہی حد کا نفاذ کر سکتا ہے ، جیسا کہ علامہ مرغینانی ؒ تحریر کرتے ہیں کہ
"حد قائم کرنے کے لیے ضروری ہے اس کو امیرالمومنین یا حاکم وقت یا حاکم کا نمائندہ قائم کرے۔ "39
2۔ آزاد ، عاقل ، بالغ اور مرضی سے فعل سر انجام دینے والے پر حد جاری ہوتی ہے۔ علامہ مرغینانی لکھتے ہیں جس پر حد لگائی جائے وہ "آزاد ، عاقل ، بالغ ہواور یہ فعل آزاد ی و مرضی سے ہوا ہو۔ "40
3۔ جس پر حد قائم کی جائے وہ سلیم البدن ہو۔ پاگل ، مجنون ، مریض، ناتواں، ضعیف اور نشہ کی حالت میں حد قائم نہ ہو گی۔ ہاں البتہ ان کمزوریوں کے دور ہونے پر حد قائم ہو گی۔ رسول اللہ ﷺ کے زمانے میں تندرست پر ہی حد جاری کی جاتی، سوائے رجم کے ۔ حضرت عبد الرحمان سے روایت ہے کہ نبی ﷺ نے حضرت علی...

Effect of Apium Graveolens (Celery) Seed Extract on Serum Uric Acid Level of Hyperuricemic Rats and its Comparison with Allopurinol

Background: Plant derived medicines are widely used in traditional culture all over the world. Objectives: To determine the effect of Celery Seed Extract (CSE) on uric acid levels in hyperuricemic rats and to compare the effect of allopurinol and CSE. Methods: It was an animal experimental research study. Group A served as negative control whereas Group B served as positive control. CSE was given orally to three groups of rats (C, D, and E). One hour prior to administration of CSE; potassium oxonate was injected intraperitoneally in all groups except negative control to induce hyperuricemia. Similarly, group F was given allopurinol one hour after injection of potassium oxonate. Blood samples were collected for uric acid estimation. Results: It was found that administration of both CSE (group C, D, E) and allopurinol (group F) significantly lowered serum uric acid levels (p<0.001) as compared to positive control (group B). Serum uric acid lowering effect of both drugs CSE and allopurinol was found to be statistically significant on day 3rd and day 7th and was almost comparable. Conclusions: Celery seed extract significantly reduces serum uric acid levels in potassium oxonate-induced hyperuricemic rats and its uric acid lowering effect was comparable with that of allopurinol.

Effects of the Leadership Style of Principals of Efficacy of Teachers and Student Achievement

The present study aimed in finding out leadership style of school principals, and the relationship of leadership style flexibility and effectiveness with collective teacher efficacy and student achievement. It also focused on finding out the differences, if any, between leadership style flexibility and leadership style effectiveness of male and female principals, and the differences between collective efficacies of teachers working under principals with different leadership styles. The difference in achievements of students studying under principals following different leadership styles was also examined. In total 19 null hypotheses were formulated. The population comprised Army Public Schools and Colleges located in all the eleven regions throughout Pakistan. The sample taken was a population sample. Data regarding school principals’ leadership style, style flexibility and style effectiveness were obtained through the instruments of Leader Behavior Analysis (LBA-II Self and LBA-II Other). Data regarding collective teacher efficacy were obtained using Collective Efficacy Scale (CE-Scale) and the data on student achievement grade were obtained through results of students who appeared in the SSC annual examination conducted by Federal Board of Intermediate & Secondary Education, Islamabad (FBI&SE) in the year 2008. Parametric statistical techniques including correlation, t-test and ANOVA were used to analyze the data. The key conclusions based on the descriptive and inferential statistical evidences of the study indicated that there was consistency between the perception of school principals and their teachers regarding the leadership style, style flexibility and style effectiveness of school principals. Participating was perceived as the primary leadership style of the majority of school principals; Selling was the secondary leadership style, while Delegating was perceived as the developing style. The school principals’ leadership style flexibility and effectiveness were inversely related with each other as well as with collective teacher efficacy. It was concluded that school principals’ leadership style flexibility was inversely related student achievement. However, principals’ leadership style effectiveness and student achievement were positively related. Collective teacher efficacy and student achievement were positively related, thereby concluding that more collective teacher efficacy may result in higher student achievement. No difference was noted between collective efficacy of teachers working under principals with different leadership styles. There was no difference observed between achievement scores of students who were studying under principals following different leadership styles.
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