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اصطلاحات سازی کے فروغ میں انجمن ترقیِ اردو پاکستان کا کردار

اصطلاحات سازی کے فروغ میں انجمن ترقیِ اردو پاکستان کا کردار

ڈاکٹر محفوظ احمد ثاقب

1857ء کی جنگِ آزادی نے جہاں برصغیر پاک وہند کی تاریخ میں ان مٹ اثرات مرتب کیے وہاں اردو زبان و اب پر بھی گہرے نقوش چھوڑے۔ 1857ء کی جنگِ آزادی کے سبب پیدا ہونے والی ابتری حالت، مایوسی اور ناامیدی کا ایک ہی حل تھا کہ ایک طرف تو انگریز سرکار سے مثبت تعلقات کشید کیے جائیں تو دوسری طرف جدید علوم و فنون پر مضبوط گرفت حاصل کی جائے۔ مذکورہ اغراض کے تحت  سرسید احمد خاں نے محمڈن ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس منعقدہ علی گڑھ کی بنیاد ڈالی۔  محمڈن ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس میں مذید توسیع کے لیے علی گڑھ میں 31 دسمبر 1902ء کو تیرھویں  سالانہ کانفرنس منعقد کی گئی ۔ یہ کانفرنس  مورخہ 31 دسمبر 1902 تا 4 جنوری 1903 جاری رہی۔اس کانفرنس میں متفقہ طور پر محمڈن ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس کے مذید تین شعبہ جات( سیکشن سوشل ریفارم، سیکشن امورِ متفرقات ، لٹریری سیکشن )کی منظوری دی گئی۔ ان تین نئے شعبہ جات میں سے لٹریری سیکشن کو  بعد میں انجمن ترقیِ اردو  ھند( دھلی) کے نام سے جانا جانے لگا۔ انجمن ترقی اردو کے قیام کے بارے میں مولانا شبلی نعمانی لکھتے ہیں کہ :

"انجمن 4 جنوری 1903 ء کو سالانہ محمڈن ایجوکیشنل کانفرنس میں قائم ہوئی " (1)

ابتداء میں تو یہ محض ایک علمی شعبہ تھا مگر تاریخ نے یہ ثابت کیا کہ یہ ایک متحرک مجلس تھی جس نے اردو زبان و ادب اور دیگر جدید  علوم میں کے فروغ میں اہم کردار ادا کیا۔ انجمن ترقی ِ اردو کو دھلی صدر مقام پر جنوری 1903 میں قائم کیا گیا ۔

            انجمن ترقیِ اردو بنا کسی مذہبی  یا علاقائی تعصب...

نصاب سازی میں تربیتی واخلاقی جہات: عصری ترجیحات اور فقہ السیرۃ

For the development of Muslim society it is necessary that its people should be trained on the basis of Islamic teachings. This could not be possible until we design a curriculum of seerah which is according to the contemporary needs of character building. The purpose of designing such curriculum is to train our youth in such a way that they would be able not only to take advantage from our rich tradition but also they are well prepared to hold the leadership of the country. We have to keep in mind, while designing seerah curriculum, that it is not revealed. Infact we have to design it according to the needs of hour. If we keep in consideration the ideological and contemporary requisites than we would be able to get the desired results. Islam provides basic principals in this regard. Following these instructions we would be able to design a curriculum which produced the required results.

Evaluation of Esterases and Phosphatases in Three Strains of Callosobruchus Chinensis and Rhyzopertha Dominica Treated With Plant Extracts and Synthetic Pyrethroids

Stored grains have been attacked by different insect species for many years. To protect stored grains from insect attack, various control measures have been suggested. Current research was initiated in order to assess five plant extracts and three synthetic pyrethroids for their toxic and repellent efficiency and their effect on progeny inhibition of three strains of Callosobruchus chinensis and Rhyzopertha dominica. These treatments were also studied for their subsequent effects on the certain esterases and phosphatases enzymes of test insects. Azadirachta indica extract and deltamethrin were more effective. Significant mortality was obtained at the highest concentrations, after maximum exposure time. C. chinensis mortality with A. indica was 81.10, 69.23 and 86.82% in FSD, MLN and NNS strains respectively. 100% mortality was achieved with deltamethrin for all strains of C. chinensis. R. dominica mortality with A. indica was 65.19, 60.74 and 84.96% FSD, MLN and NNS strains respectively. Deltamethrin resulted in 95.56, 95.56 and 97.75% mortality of R. dominica Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. A. indica resulted in 79.99, 66.67 and 80.81% progeny inhibition of C. chinensis Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. 66.77, 60.32 and 70.40% reduction in progeny production of C. chinensis was achieved with deltamethrin, in Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. A. indica caused 90.22, 88.01 and 92.23% progeny inhibition of R. dominica in Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. Progeny inhibition of R. dominica was 90.46, 80.93 and 97.14% in Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively with deltamethrin. In repellency bioassay, A. indica resulted in 93.33, 90.67 and 94.67% repellency in C. chinensis Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain, respectively. With deltamethrin repellency was 92.00, 90.67 and 97.33% in C. chinensis Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. Percentage repellency in in case of R. dominica was 94.67, 85.33 and 92.00 in Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively, with A. indica. Repellency recorded with deltamethrin, in R. dominica was 90.67, 89.33 and 92.67% in Faisalabad, Multan and Nankana strain respectively. In case of enzymatic analysis, the inhibition of treatments was compared with the control. With A. indica treatment, in C. chinensis FSD strain, maximum AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE inhibition was 45.82, 29.98, 61.38, 43.65 and 50.81% respectively, 57.14, 39.98, 58.24, 41.04 and 50.58% respectively in MLN strain and 41.31, 28.87, 61.67, 45.24 and 50.32% respectively in NNS strain. Using M. azadirach, in C. chinensis FSD strain, maximum AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE inhibition was 55.82, 29.98, 53.37, 45.48 and 51.30% respectively, 63.81, 39.98, 52.67, 43.65 and 50.33% respectively in MLN strain and 51.98, 31.10, 52.84, 47.96 and 50.57% respectively in NNS strain. In pyrethroids, cypermethrin mostly resulted in high inhibition of enzymes. So, with cypermethrin maximum AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE inhibition was19.14, 18.54, 47.65, 36.33 and 42.45% respectively, in C. chinensis FSD strain, 37.14, 21.09, 48.42, 36.33 and 39.12% respectively, in MLN strain and 14.96, 17.43, 46.95, 38.32 and 39.99% respectively in NNS strain. In R. dominica FSD strain, treated with A. indica maximum AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE inhibition was 39.42, 43.77, 47.79, 41.38 and 52.30% respectively, 37.57, 39.94, 47.31, 41.90 and 48.46% respectively in MLN strain and 40.41, 45.99, 51.59, 42.15 and 50.51% respectively in NNS strain. With M. azadirach treatment, in R. dominica FSD strain, maximum AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE inhibition was 40.83, 42.94, 45.71, 40.47 and 47.84% respectively, 39.70, 39.94, 44.13, 40.99 and 43.86% respectively in MLN strain and 41.83, 45.17, 51.59, 42.15 and 50.51% respectively in NNS strain. Using pyrethroids, enzymes inhibition was recorded maximum in R. dominica NNS strain with cypermethrin, which resulted in 34.03, 43.80, 49.45, 31.41 and 48.34% inhibition of AChE, ALP, ACP, α-CE and β-CE respectively as compared to the control treatment.
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