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ناول"دھنی بخش کے بیٹے " میں خیر وشر کا تصور

ناول"دھنی بخش کے بیٹے " میں خیر وشر کا تصور

کومل شہزادی

اس کائنات میں ازل سے “خیر” اور” شر” کی کشمکش ہے۔ وہ یہ خیال کرتے ہیں کہ یہی کشمکش آپ کو ایسے تصورات کے اطلاق کی راہ میں بھی حائل نظرآتی ہے ۔ اس کائنات میں “خیر” اور” شر” ما بعد طبعیاتی اور ماورائی تصورات ہیں۔اگر ہم غور کریں تو انسان دو طرح کے عوامل کے زیر اثر ہوتا ہے ایک خیر اور دوسرا شر-کچھ چیزیں خیر کا اظہار ہوتی ہیں اور کچھ شر سے جنم لیتی ہیں۔

اس پر ایک طویل بحث کی جاسکتی ہے مگر میں ناول "دھنی بخش کے بیٹے " کی بات کروں تو ناول نگار نے دو الگ کرداروں کے ذریعے اس موضوع کا احاطہ کیا ہے۔حسن منظر ایک منفرد ناول نگار ہیں اور ان کا یہ ناول اکیسویں صدی کا عمدہ ناول کہا جائے تو بے جا نہ ہوگا۔ناول میں دو کردار علی بخش اور احمد بخش سے خیر و شر کی کشمکش کا پہلو ہے اس کو دونوں کرداروں سے عمدہ انداز میں بیان کیا ہے۔علی بخش کے کردار میں شر جیسے عناصر پائے جاتے ہیں جبکہ احمد بخش کے کردار میں ہمیں خیر کے پہلو ملتے ہیں۔ناول نگار نے دونوں کی عادات و اطوار سے اس تصور کو ناول میں جگہ جگہ تذکرہ کیا ہے۔خیر و شر پہلوؤں  کا بھی بہت خوب انداز میں نقشہ کھینچا گیا ہے ۔جس سے ناول کے دو کردار علی بخش اور احمد بخش سے عکاسی کرتے نظر آتے ہیں۔دھنی بخش کے گاؤں اور اس کے اردگرد دیہاتوں میں یہ خبر گردش ہونا شروع ہوجاتی ہے کہ احمد بخش امریکہ جارہا ہے ۔احمد بخش کو ایسی برائیوں سے بڑھے ہوئے ماحول سے کراہٹ محسوس ہوتی تھی ۔وہ کلچرل سسٹم میں خود...

Zakat on Non-Agricultural Land Plots: Public Awareness and Fiscal Reforms

Zakat is although a compulsory obligation in Islam but is not paid compulsorily by the people. There are two main reasons; one is the ignorance about many things on which zakat is due, for example non-agricultural land and commercial plots etc. andsecond, ignorance about the mechanism through which it is paid. Thefirst aspect is related to public awareness and second aspect is related to the fiscal policy being enforced by the government collecting property and wealth taxes thus putting heavyfinancial pressure on the owners of real estate so as to compel them to avoid zakat andpay taxes. The paper explores the level of awareness among the general public about the payment ofzakat on non-agricultural land. Itfurther addresses the question that how the existing revenue structure need to be changed. For thefirst aspect, primary data with n=33 has been collected from the capital city of the province Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. For the second aspect the revenue structure of the government is reviewed tofind out the number of taxes on the possession, sale and purchase of commercial or nonagricultural land plots. Since taxes are in no way a substitute of zakat so it is further explored that if the existing taxes are replaced and zakat system would be properly enforced then how much is the net return. In order to estimate this net return, an interview has been conducted from the property dealers and also the figures are taken from government accounts to calculate a sample for the study area that is then generalized for the government returns at large. The results of the study show a high level ofignorance about zakat obligation on plots in the study area. The verdicts of the Islamic scholars also create difference of opinion, however, majority have approved the case in favor of payment. Since there is ignorance and people have to pay taxes so they avoid zakat and just pay taxes. A mechanism is needed for fiscal reforms to ensure the payment of zakat and to stop its substitution against taxes on land plots.

Gait Analysis of 7-10-Year-Old Children of Karachi from Nutritional-Status Perspective

Gait analysis of a child is becoming more and more significant as observation of posture of a stripped child may generate false positives as the incumbent becomes conscious and assumes an abnormal posture. On the other hand, observing gait of an undressed child walking or running a number of steps may give clues to underlying musculoskeletal or neurological disorders. In this work, results of a study on a sample of 7-10-year-old students (68 boys; 65 girls), enrolled in a local school representing middle-class-educated families, are presented. The students were followed up from KG to class III (2011-2013). Heights and weights were obtained every year and a detailed gait examination was performed in classes II and III, with the students completely disrobed except short underpants. A detailed Growth-and-Obesity Profilewas generated for each child to determine the nutritional-status category (under- nutrition, over-nutrition, energy-channelization I-III), in which the child should be placed. The probability of spastic gait was found to be highest in children exhibiting energy-channelization II (stunting combined with obesity), i. e., 32.00%, seconded by those manifesting energy-channelization I (tallness combined with wasting), i.e.,21.43%. Over-nourished (tallness combined with obesity) children had 10.00% probability of having spastic gait, whereas under-nourished (stunting combined with wasting) children had 8.82% probability. Acutely malnourished children (both heightand mass percentiles falling below 3rd had 14.29% probability. A possible explanation of these results may be on the basis of asymmetric distribution of mass about the sagittal plane, which may create a torque responsible for spastic gait in such children.
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