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اردو زبان کا آغاز و ارتقا

موضوع 10:اردو زبان کا آغاز و ارتقا
کسی زبان کے آغاز اور ارتقاء کی داستان کچھ مخصوص تہذیبی اور معاشرتی حالات سے جڑی ہوتی ہے۔ زبان اپنی ترقی یافتہ شکل اختیار کرنے سے پہلے مختلف مراحل سے گزرتی ہے۔ اسے رنگ و روپ دینے اور نکھارنے میں مختلف عوامل کار فرما ہوتے ہیں۔ اردو زبان جو آج کی چند ترقی یافتہ اور کثرت سے بولی جانے والی زبانوں میں سے ایک ہے اسے بھی معرض وجود میں آنے سے قبل مختلف مراحل سے گزرنا پڑا۔ ان مختلف مراحل اور تہذیبی اور معاشرتی عوامل کو سمجھنے کے لئے ہمیں ماضی کی طرف پلٹنا ضروری ہے۔
جیسا کہ تاریخ کے مطالعے سے پتہ چلتا ہے کہ ہندوستان کے قدیم باشندے دراوڑ تھے۔آریا قوم باہر سے آئی اور مقامی باشندوں کو پیچھے دھکیل کر ملک پر قابض ہو گئی۔آریا قوم ملک پر ایک نئی تہذیبی طاقت بن کر ابھری۔ ان کی زبان کو مرکزی حیثیت حاصل ہوئی۔ مقامی باشندوں سے میل جول کی وجہ سے آریاؤں کی زبان متاثر ہونے لگی اور بہت سے الفاظ کا تلفظ کچھ سے کچھ ہو گیا۔ آریاؤں نے اپنی زبان کو محفوظ رکھنے کے خیال سے اسے قواعدی اصولوں سے جکڑ دیا اور اپنی زبان میں صرف ٹکسالی الفاظ باقی رکھے۔مقامی اثرات اس سے پاک و صاف ہو کر ان کی زبان نے اپنا ایک معیار برقرار رکھا اور اسی معیاری زبان کو سنسکرت کا نام دیا گیا۔
اس زبان کو کافی فروغ حاصل ہوا لیکن اس کا رشتہ عوام سے کٹ گیا گیا اور ایک مخصوص دائرے تک سمٹ کر رہ گئی۔ عوام کی زبان مختلف علاقوں میں تھوڑے سے فرق کے ساتھ ایک رسم الخط میں موجود رہیں اس زبان کو پراکرت کا نام دیا گیا۔ پراکرت زبان برابر ترقی کرتی رہی اور مختلف علاقوں میں مختلف روپ اختیار کرتی رہی۔ آگے...

دین اسلام کی ترویج میں دعوت و تبلیغ کی اہمیت: ایک تحقیقی جائزہ

Before the birth of the Holy prophet, human society yet again got at the verge of destruction due to apostasy and ignorance. The Holy Prophet introduced Islam to the sinking humanity. For spreading its message "Dawat"; Calling (To God) was made everybody's job. As Allah says in the holy Quran: "The Believers, men and women, are protectors, one of another: they enjoin what is just and forbid  what is evil: " (9: 71). There are three fundamental groups of preachers. The first is the "Dawat" of common people to others. It is imperative for such a preacher that he himself should get the knowledge of religion through Islamic law and then communicate every virtue of it to his family, friends, neighbors and close relatives. The second is the place of Nobles. They include the commentators of the Quran, the narrators of the Prophet's Sayings, theologians and the learned scholars. The commentators of the Quran explain the meanings of the verses of the Quran keeping in view the conditions of the Quranic sciences. The narrators interpret the meanings of the Sayings of the Holy Prophet. The theologians or the learned scholars are entitled to discuss the Quran, Prophet's Sayings and the problems of the Islamic laws. The third is the place of the favorites. These people are the perfect successors of the Prophets. They have full control over the knowledge of laws as well as over the knowledge of mysteries. As Allah says: "and purify them", (one of the responsibilities of the Holy Prophet was to purify the souls). At a place it is said: "Truly he succeeds that purifies it" (91: 9). In this article research is done on "Calling (to God) and conveying His message".

Atmospheric Pressure Microplasma Assisted Synthesis of Metal and Metal Oxide Nanostructures and Their Application

Transition metals and metal oxide nanostructures are promising materials owing to their unique physical and chemical properties such as thermal stability, rigidity, and high chemical resistance. These properties enable them to be utilized for a wide range of environmental and biological applications; including antibacterial and photocatalytic activities etc. This led various research groups to develop several techniques for the synthesis of metal nanomaterials with different sizes, shapes and morphologies. However, it is still desirable to develop new environment-friendly synthetic processes to prepare these nanomaterials with new textural forms for their viable applications. In this regard, a very simple, fast, cost-effective and toxic free self-designed Atmospheric Pressure Microplasma (AMP) technique has been developed for the synthesis of metals (Ag and Au) and metal oxides (ZnO and CuO) nanostructures. In addition, several analytical techniques were used to study the morphological, structural, optical and compositional properties of the synthesized nanostructures. Furthermore, the prepared noble metal (Au and Ag) nanostructures were used for antibacterial applications while the metal oxide (ZnO and CuO) nanostructures were used for both antibacterial and photocatalytic applications. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed the sheet-like structures of Ag and spherical structures for Au. However, a change in lateral dimension has been observed with the increase in the precursor’s concentration. XRD showed highly crystalline nature and single phase (fcc symmetry) of the as-synthesized Ag and Au nanostructures. In addition, highly crystalline ZnO nanostructures (nanosheets, nanodrums, and nanoneedles) were synthesized in the presence of different ionic (anionic and cationic) surfactants and nonionic fructose. It was found that the fructose and surfactants greatly influenced the morphology of synthesized ZnO nanostructures. Similarly, highly crystalline sheet-like CuO nanostructures were also synthesized without using any surfactant. SEM of CuO confirmed the variation in the dimensions of nanostructures with precursor’s concentration. XRD showed the hexagonal (wurtzite structure) phase of ZnO and monoclinic phase of CuO. The antibacterial tests of all the synthesized nanomaterials were evaluated against several bacterial strains. Results suggested that all the nanostructures exhibited effective bactericidal activity against all tested strains. It was observed that the antibacterial activity of the prepared samples not only depends upon the shape of nanostructures, but also on the type of the bacteria. This study also demonstrates the photocatalytic activity of the assynthesized ZnO and CuO samples for the degradation of organic dyes under direct sunlight. Results indicated that the ZnO and CuO sheet-like photocatalysts exhibited significant photocatalytic activities against tested dyes after 80 minutes of sunlight illumination. The findings of this research work may prove helpful in contributing towards new studies conducted on applications involving catalysis, optoelectronic devices, biomedical, pharmaceutical, environmental bioremediation and so forth.
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