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سیلاب کی تباہ کاریاں

سیلاب کی تباہ کاریاں
پانی اللہ تعالیٰ کی ایک نعمتِ عظمیٰ ہے۔ انسان کی زندگی کا دارومدار پانی پر ہے۔ یہ عناصرار بعہ کا ایک اہم جزو ہے۔ ’’اللہ تعالیٰ نے ہر زندہ شے کو پانی سے پیدا فرمایا ہے‘‘ (القرآن) زمین پراگرکسی شے کی فراوانی ہے تو وہ پانی ہے۔ یہ ہر کس و ناکس کی دسترس میں ہے۔ لیکن اللہ تعالیٰ نے ہر شے کے لیے حدود متعین کر دی ہیں۔ اگر وہ اپنی حدود میں رہیں اور کوئی حد ودشکنی نہ کریں تو وہ اللہ تعالیٰ کا ہمارے لیے عطیہ ہیں۔ اسی طرح پانی اگر اپنی حدود میں رہے تو یہ ایک انعام ہے اور اگر یہ حدود سے تجاوز کر لے اور ندی نالوں ، دریاؤں، نہروں اور راجباہوں کے کناروں سے باہر نکل آئے تو طوفان بن جاتا ہے۔ کبھی کبھی انتہائی نفع بخش چیز بھی نقصان دیتی ہے جیسا کہ پانی بعض دفعہ حلق میں اٹک کر موت کا سبب بن جاتا ہے۔
یہی پانی تھا جو گزشتہ دنوں پاکستانی عوام پر قہر بن کر ٹوٹا، عذاب بن کر نازل ہوا، سیلاب کی صورت اختیار کرتا ہوا کئی نوجوانوں کی جوانی لے گیا۔ کئی عورتوں کو بیوہ کر گیا۔ کئی بچوں کو یتیم کر گیا۔ کئی نئی نویلی دلہنیں شب عروسی سے پہلے اپنے سہاگ لٹا بیٹھیں۔ قمقموں سے روشن گھر قبرستان بن گئے۔ کھیت کھلیان صف ہستی سے مٹ گئے۔ گلستان و نخلستان کا وجودختم ہو گیا ،قصر رفیع کھنڈرات کا نمونہ پیش کرنے لگے۔ کسی نے سر پر سہرا سجانا تھا ،کسی نے ہاتھوں پرمہندی لگانی تھی ، اس ناگہانی آفت نے ہر ایک کے ارمانوں پر پانی پھیر دیا۔بقول تائبؔ نظامی:
مفلس یہ خبر سن کے ہی بس ڈوب گیا ہے
سیلاب ابھی اس کے مکاں تک نہیں پہنچا
سیلاب کی تباہی نے پاکستان کو کئی سال پیچھے...

Comparative Analysis of AC and DC Distribution System with Respect to Harmonic Distortion Considering Daily Load Profile

Electrical energy is the most efficient and the cleanest form of energy at the moment that is being transmitted and distributed amongst end-users. From its earlier days, the AC system was preferred as an economical solution for transmission and distribution. However, the development in the power electronics technology and the evolution of highly efficient power electronic converters have established the resurgence of DC power system. Furthermore, the trend is shifting towards DC loads as various energy efficient appliances, such as DC inverter air conditioners, operate on DC nowadays. This further advocates the shift towards the DC power system. This research works is an effort to perform the comparative analysis of AC Distribution System (ACDS) and DC Distribution System (DCDS), with regards to power quality and harmonic distortion in particular. The comparison is performed considering load profile and load variation on daily basis. Simulations are performed in MATLAB. It has been concluded at the end that ACDS is better than DCDS in terms of power quality as total harmonic distortion of the DCDS under the same loading and same load variation during the whole day was significantly higher than that of ACDS.

Effect of Motivational Factors on Teacher Job Satisfaction: A Study of Public Sector Degree Colleges of Punjab, Pakistan

Among all the resources of an educational institution, teachers are unquestionably the most important. Motivation plays a pivotal role in increasing the level of teacher's job satisfaction. Satisfied teachers in turn can help in improving the performance of an educational institution. The objectives of this study were to explore various factors of low motivation of teachers and to analyze the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors on teacher job satisfaction in public sector degree colleges of Punjab, Pakistan. This was an exploratory study based on primary data. Questionnaire was used to collect the primary data. The profile of the respondents included all the teachers who were working in public sector degree colleges of Punjab, Pakistan. Regression Analysis and Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique using Analysis of Moment Structure (AMOS) 19.0 was applied. SPSS 19.0 was used for basic analysis purpose. The results of the study indicated that although compensation and benefits package is an important factor of teacher's low motivation in public sector degree colleges of Punjab, Pakistan, but there are also some non monetary factors for example, insufficient opportunities to acquire new skills at job, lack of participation in job related decisions, over crowded class rooms, unsatisfactory work environment, lack of pre-service and in-service training programs, unsatisfactory recognition and feedback process which are contributing to low motivation of teachers in public sector degree colleges of Punjab, Pakistan. Study concluded that there is significant relationship between intrinsic motivational factors and teacher job satisfaction. Similarly, statistically significant relationship is also found between extrinsic motivational factors and teacher job satisfaction. However, it is found that teacher job satisfaction in largely caused by intrinsic motivational factors as compare to extrinsic motivational factors. Moreover, significant difference is observed between teacher's age, designation, teaching experience and teacher job satisfaction. The study has recommended strategies about how management can utilize intrinsic and extrinsic motivational factors as a tool to keep teachers motivated and satisfied in their jobs. The study also recommended ways by which management can eliminate low motivation amongst teachers by improving their skills, knowledge and competencies and by creating supporting learning environment, building good relationships between junior and senior teachers and involving teachers in job related decisions. The study seems to be very useful as it provides both, the theoretical implications for the researchers interested in exploring job satisfaction in higher educational institutions in Pakistan as well as practical implications for the higher authorities within public sector higher education set up in Pakistan.
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