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مولانا مودودیؒ اورجماعت اسلامی کیلئے رکاوٹیں

مولانا مودودیؒ کی قائم کردہ مذہبی وسیاسی جماعت آج تک اسلامی نظام کے قیام اوراحیائے اسلام کیلئے کام کرتی چلی آرہی ہےپھرمولانا مودودیؒ نے ۱۹۶۵ء میں کشمیرکی آزادی کیلئے کی جانے والی کوششوں کوجہاد کا درجہ دے دیا ۔ ۱۹۵۳ء میں آپ کوقادیانی مسئلہ کاپمفلٹ لکھنے کے جرم میں موت کی سزادی گئی اورعلما کی گرفتاری پربیان جاری کرنے کے جرم میں سات سال قیدبامشقت کی سزا دی گئی ۔[[1]]مولانا مودودیؒ کی سزا کو بعدمیں عمرقید میں تبدیل کردیاگیا۔آپؒ کو وزیراعظم خواجہ ناظم الدین اورسیکرٹری جنرل چوہدری محمد علی کی مداخلت پر رہاکردیاگیا ۔



[[1]]         مودودی، آئین تفہیم القرآن ،لاہور ،ص۱۸۷

A Welcome Message from The Editor

It is with profound pleasure that we write this editorial to welcome you to the new journal, “Pakistan Biomedical Journal” (PBMJ), an interdisciplinary international journal. PBMJ has successfully completed its first volume and now its the second volume. We greatly appreciate the response of scientists who have contributed previously and are still contributing to this new journal. The subject of the journal is interesting and we try to address the health related concerns of public and improve the understandingof scientific phenomenons by researchers. Research discoveries are happening at a fast pace, in all the fields and PBMJ provides an ideal forum for exchange of scientific knowledge in terms of full length papers, surveys, reviews, case studies, letters to editor and systematic analysis. PBMJ is committed to publishing all manuscripts receiving a high recommendation from reviewers. The intention of PBMJ is to create space for generation of new knowledge, debate, collaborations among national and international scientists. Our vision is to promote research that will be helpful for knowledge sharing, new discoveries, development of critical thinking among the upcoming scholars, guidance for policy makers, awareness among the concerned community and ultimately benefitting the general population in improving health and fitness at large. It is a matter of pride for us to haveexcellent editorial board members from renowned institutes. We aim to have the best standards of quality of the published manuscripts. With every issue, we are continuously trying to improve the standards. We look forward for more exciting researches and scientific studies from all over the world. We would like to extend a very warm welcome to the readers of PBMJ and hope you will join us as authors, reviewers and editors in future.

Development of Elastomeric Auxetic Structures for Impact Energy Absorption

Elastomeric sponge and auxetic materials have unique characteristics which distinguish them from other solid materials like metals and ceramics. Such engineering materials with unique performance are a continuous requisite so as to assist the evolution for advance engineering applications. Auxetic materials (materials with negative Poisson’s ratio) have a unique feature of getting fatter when pulled and contract transversely when compressed, longitudinally. They are mainly used for their improved indentation resistance, higher fracture toughness, better thermal shock resistance, and good acoustic damping. Twenty diverse compositions were developed with various reinforcements’ incorporation such as carbon black nano particles etc., varying blending ratios of natural rubber (NR), styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), and nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) in ethylene propylene diene monomer (EPDM). Sponge and auxetic structures were developed during vulcanization a hot isostatic biaxial hydraulic press by volumetric compression and cooling under pressure. The reinforcements were impregnated into the elastomeric matrices using internal dispersion kneader and two-rolls mixing mill. Seven types of mold geometries were designed and used as per ASTM standards to fabricate nanocomposites using a hot press in order to evaluate the elastomeric composites for rheological, mechanical, structural, vulcanization, compressive strain, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis and impact energy absorption applications. Mechanical characteristics were executed using Universal Testing Machine (UTM), Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analyzer (DMTA) and rubber hardness tester. Scanning electron microscopy coupled with EDS were used to evaluate sponge and auxetic structures. The synthesized auxetic materials verified by scanning electron images and Poisson’s ratio determined by processing images using ‘Matlab’ software. With the advances in the fabrication and synthesis of a wider range of these thrilling materials, there is enormous potential for applications in industrial and commercial sectors. Among the various rubber systems investigated EPDM based elastomeric composites proved to be the best for development of auxetic structures. Hardness of the EPDM sponge composite with 20% incorporation of carbon black nano fillers enhanced up to 112%. EPDM with the addition of 20% carbon black attained tensile strength 142%, compared to EPDM without reinforcement; this nanocomposite also showed a 20% reduction in impact energy absorption. EPDM-30%NR reinforced with 20% carbon black showed a minimum reduction of 33% in storage modulus indicating good retention of elasticity. Maximum enhancement of 400% loss modulus was obtained in case of EPDM-30%SBR reinforced with 20% carbon black. Rheological bahaviour such as loss tangent during vulcanization enhanced up to 130%, 300%, 85%, 11% by incorporation of 30% carbon black, 30% NBR, 30% NR, and 30 % SBR.
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