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Conclusion

When we go through the history of Sub-continent it becomes clear that Islam entered in this area during the period of rightly guided Caliphs. In 92 A.H when Muhammad bin Qasim conquered Sindh and some other parts of the present Pakistan, many Tab‘een and some companions came in the Sub-continent. It is famous that Shāh Walī Allāh (d:1176 A.H) is the first person in Sub-continent who translated Holy Qur’an in Persian and urged to ponder over its meanings. But it is not true. Makhdūm Nūḥ Hālāe’ (d:998 A.H/1589A.D) translated the Qur’ān in the Persian language and he must be regarded as the pioneer of the translation works. Shāh Walī Allāh had to face opposition on translating the Holy Book. Later on, his sons followed him produced translations in Urdu. Many scholars have written tafasir (commentaries) of the Quran. When we analyze these commentaries, it seems that influence of different schools of thought is visible on them. Although Hanfi School of Thought is in the majority but there is a division in Hanfis as well. Salfi approach has also influence in Sub-continent. In some tafsir, Sufi approach can also be seen. Moudidi is the first person who presented a theory of political Islam and his tafsir Tafhīm al- Qur’ān advocates this aspect. Hameed-ud-Deen Farahi is the first person in the Sub-continent who highlighted Nazm-e-Qur’an and his student Maulānā Amīn Aḥsan Iṣlāḥī advocated his approach in Tadabbur-e-Qur’ān.

To sum up it can be said that in Sub-continent there is variety of approaches for understanding Qur’an. This is blessing of Allah Almighty that Holy Qur’an is being understood in different ways and every scholar is getting pearls of guidance as per his ability and approach.

The Socio-Economic Implications of Decline in Artisanal Fishing and its Effect on Women: A Case Study of Shams Pir Island, Karachi

Artisanal fishing is carried out in the coastal villages of Karachi. Through centuries, these fishing villages have maintained their traditional practices of fishing. Shams Pir Island is in vicinity of Karachi coast. The main occupation of islanders is artisanal fishing which is extremely threatened by various factors. Historically, in coastal communities of Karachi, women were part of fishing and its related activities. With the decline in traditional fishing methods, females have been withdrawn from fishing work. Implications of this process have been drastic for fishing households such as increased poverty, unemployment, environmental degradation etc. The research is conducted to highlight these problems especially from gender perspective. It is exclusively based on females of Shams Pir Island. Female’s socio-economic conditions, family status, perceptions on different contemporary issues pertaining to the endangered livelihood of their family and its relation with environmental changes is investigated in particular. In total, sixty women representing fishing households, few community leaders and representatives of fisher folk’s NGO were interviewed. The results emphasized the livelihood issues of females and their perceptions on environment and climate change. The vulnerabilities of females in fishing communities have been discussed in detail. ______

A Comparative Study of Gender Based Classroom Incivilities in Public and Private Institutions

Classroom incivility is any action that interferes with a harmonious and cooperative learning atmosphere in the classroom. The present study focused to investigate and compare classroom incivilities in male and female college students in public and private institutions. The study also identified strategies used by the teachers to control classroom incivilities. The study was quantitative in nature. Survey method was used for collecting data. All the students and teachers of Bachelor level at District Attock comprised the population of the study. The total population of students at Bachelor level was 3362 and teachers’ population was 264. The sample consisted of 672 students and 132 teachers. Two questionnaires were developed by the researcher to collect data from students and teachers. Percentage, mean, standard deviation and t-test were used to analyze data by using SPSS. Data was presented in tables and graphs. It is concluded that in the light of the teacher's and students’ opinion, there was a difference found in the behaviours of male and female teachers and students, as female teachers and students were more involved in classroom incivilities as compared to male teachers and students. In the light of institution-wise comparison of teachers’ behaviours public and private colleges have no significant difference. In the light of student opinion institution wise comparison of teachers’ behaviours, there was a significant difference as public college teachers were more involved in classroom incivilities as compared to private colleges’ teachers. It is recommended to provide classroom management training and practical strategies to deal with classroom incivilities.
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