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مذہبی نظریہ۔

مذہبی نظریہ

                مذہبی نظریے کے حوالے سے وہ مذہب کو لے کر ڈٹ جانے والے انسان ہیں ان کی شاعری میں مذہبی رنگ نمایاں نظر آتاہے۔خصوصاً غزلوں میں ان کے بیشمار اشعار مذہبی تناظر میں دیکھے جاسکتے ہیں۔وہ تلمیحات کو استعمال کرتے ہیں،مذہبی عنصر کو تشبیہات اور استعارات کی مدد سے نمایاں کرتے ہیں،ان کی ذاتی زندگی ہو ،معاشرتی زندگی ہویاپھر زندگی کا کوئی بھی پہلو ہو، وہ مذہب کو اہمیت دیتے ہوئے نظرآتے ہیں۔کہیں وہ مذہب پر طنز کرتے نظر آتے ہیں تو کہیں مذہب کی تاریخ بتاتے نظر آتے ہیں اور کہیں واقعہ کی صورت میں مذہبی داستان سنانے کی جسارت کرتے دکھائی دیتے ہیں۔مسلمانوں کے تاریخی مذہبی عقائدوواقعات کو بھی ناطق نے اپنی غزلوں میں پیش کیاہے۔آب زم زم کا چشمہ پھوٹنے کا پورا واقعہ انہوں نے اپنی غزلوں میں مذہبی عقائد کی نمائندگی کرتے ہوئے سنایا ہے۔ انہوں نے اپنی نظموں میں بھی مذہبی عنصر کو عروج پہ رکھا ہے۔ان کی نظمیں، جن میںمذہبی رنگ نمایاں نظرآتا ہے،درج ذیل ہیں:’’عصابیچنے والا،سفیر لیلیٰ، کلیسا، مدفن، مدینے کا قصہ،سلام وغیرہ وغیرہ ان تمام نظموں  میں مذہبی رنگ نمایاں پایا جاتاہے۔ناطق کی نظم مدینے کا قصہ سے کچھ حصہ ملاحظہ کیجیئے:

’’علی بن محمد تمہیں یاد ہو گا مدینے کا قصہ

یہی وہ مدینہ ،جسے اس کے بانی نے شہر محبت کہا تھا

یہاں اک شریفوں کا گھر

ہل اتیٰ ان کا ورثہ

شریفوں کا گھر تھا خدا کی طرف سے زمانے پہ آیت‘‘(23)

                اس نظم میں وہ مذہب کی نمائندگی کرتے ہوئے نظر آتے ہیں۔مدینے کا قصہ سنا رہے ہیں اور نبی پاکﷺکے گھرانے کی بات کررہے ہیں۔مذہبی نظریہ کی بات کریں تو انہوں نے اپنے ناول...

Situation Analysis of Nation Building Efforts in Sri Lanka: From Early Years of Independence to Contemporary Days

Despite the smooth transition of power from the British colonists to the Sri Lankan Sinhalese in 1949, Sri Lanka inherited considerable challenges. After the culmination of the civil war, from 1983 to 2009, Sri Lanka confronted numerous obstacles in the reconstruction and rehabilitation of the country. Drawing from Birch’s model of national integration, this study attempts to examine the diverse political, economic, and social challenges facing Sri Lanka. The review shows that Sri Lanka needs critical nation building in the following areas: (i) Infrastructural development; (ii) Resettlements and rehabilitation of displaced populations; (iii) Ethnic and religious integration; (iv) Equality in political representation; (v) Educational and employment policies; (vi) Gender equality policies; and (vii) Mental health interventions for children and women. The role of international bodies, like the United Nations Human Rights Council, and neighboring countries is key to creating pressure for national integration and growth. There is fear that if national unity is not at the forefront of state and international policy for Sri Lanka, conflict and instability may arise again.

Effect of Solvent, Ionic Strength and Metal Ions on the Photolysis of Riboflavin and its Nanoparticles

The present investigation is based on the study of the evaluation of the following factors on the photolysis of riboflavin (RF) in aqueous/organic solvents. 1. Solvent Effect on the Photolysis of RF The kinetics of photolysis of RF in water (pH 7.0) and in organic solvents (acetonitrile, methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 1-butanol, ethyl acetate) has been studied using a multicomponent spectrometric method for the assay of RF and its major photoproducts, formylmethylflavin and lumichrome. The apparent first-order rate constants (kobs) for the reactions range from 3.19 (ethyl acetate) to 4.61×10−3 min−1 (water). The values of kobs have been found to be a linear function of solvent dielectric constant implying the participation of a dipolar intermediate along the reaction pathway. The degradation of this intermediate is enhanced by the polarity of the medium. This indicates a greater stabilization of the excited-triplet state of RF with an increase in solvent polarity to facilitate its photoreduction. The rate constants for the reaction show a linear relation with the solvent acceptor number showing the magnitude of solute–solvent interaction in different solvents. It would depend on the electron–donating capacity of the RF molecule in organic solvents. The values of kobs are inversely proportional to the viscosity of the medium as a result of diffusion-controlled processes. 2. Ionic Strength Effects on the Photodegradation Reactions of RF It involves the study of the effect of ionic strength on the photodegradation reactions (photoreduction and photoaddition) of RF in phosphate buffer (pH 7.0) using the specific multicomponent spectrometric method mentioned above. The rates of photodegradation reactions of RF have been found to be dependent upon the ionic strength of the solutions at different buffer concentrations. The values of kobs for the photodegradation of RF at ionic strengths of 0.1–0.5 M (0.5 M phosphate) lie in the range of 7.35–30.32 × 10−3 min−1. Under these conditions, the rate constants for the formation of the major products of RF, lumichrome (LC) by photoreduction pathway, and cyclodehydroriboflavin (CDRF) by photoaddition pathway, are in the range of 3.80– 16.03 and 1.70–6.07 × 10−3 min−1, respectively. A linear relationship has been observed between log kobs and √μ/1+√μ. A similar plot of log k/ko against √μ yields a straight line with a value of ~+1 for ZAZB indicating the involvement of a charged species in the rate determining step. NaCl promotes the photodegradation reactions of RF probably by an excited state interaction. The implications of ionic strength on RF photodegradation by different pathways and flavin–protein interactions have been discussed. 3. Metal Ion Mediated Photolysis of RF The effect of metal ion complexation on the photolysis of RF using various metal ions (Ag+, Ni2+, Co2+, Fe2+, Ca2+, Cd2+, Cu2+, Mn2+, Pb2+, Mg2+, Zn2+, Fe3+) has been studied. Ultraviolet and visible spectral and fluorimetric evidence has been obtained to confirm the formation of metal-RF complexes. The kinetics of photolysis of RF in metal- RF complexes at pH 7.0 has been evaluated and the values of kobs for the photolysis of RF and the formation of LC and LF (0.001 M phosphate buffer) and LC, LF and CDRF (0.2–0.4 M phosphate buffer) have been determined. These values indicate that the rate of photolysis of RF is promoted by divalent and trivalent metal ions. The second-order rate constants (k ′ ) for the interaction of metal ions with RF are in the order: Zn2+ > Mg2+> Pb2+ > Mn2+ > Cu2+ > Cd2+ > Fe2+ > Ca2+ > Fe3+> Co2+ > Ni2+ > Ag+. In phosphate buffer (0.2-0.4 M), an increase in metal ion concentration leads to a decrease in the formation of LC compared to that of CDRF by different pathways. The values of kobs for the photolysis of RF have been found to increase with a decrease in fluorescence intensity of RF. The photoproducts of RF formed by pathways have been identified and the mode of photolysis of RF in metal-RF complexes has been discussed. 4. Preparation, Characterization and Formation Kinetics of RF-Ag NPs Riboflavin conjugated silver nanoparticles (RF–Ag NPs) have been prepared by photoreduction of Ag+ ions and characterized by UV–visible spectrometry, spectrofluorimetry, dynamic light scattering (DLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and FTIR spectrometry . These NPs exhibit a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 422 nm due to the interaction of RF and Ag+ ions. The fluorescence of RF is quenched by Ag NPs and the total loss of fluorescence is due to complete conversion of RF to RF–Ag NPs conjugates. FTIR studies indicate the appearance of an intense absorption peak at 2920 cm–1 due to the interaction of RF and Ag. DLS has shown the hydrodynamic radii (Hd) of RF–Ag NPs in the range of 57.9–72.2 nm with polydispersity index of 27.5–29.0 %. AFM indicates that the NPs are spherical in nature and polydispersed with a diameter ranging from 57 to 73 nm. The effect of pH, ionic strength and reducing agents on the particle size of NPs has been studied. At acidic pH (2.0–6.2) aggregation of RF–Ag NPs occurs due to an increase in the ionic strength of the medium. The rates of formation of RF–Ag NPs on UV and visible light irradiation have been determined in the pH range of 8.0–10.5 and at different concentration of Ag+ ions. The photochemical formation of RF– Ag NPs follows a biphasic first–order reaction probably due to the formation of Ag NPs in the first phase (fast) and the adsorption of RF on Ag NPs in the second phase (slow).
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