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پروفیسر قیام الدین احمد

پروفیسر قیام الدین احمد صاحب مرحوم
(ڈاکٹر جاوید علی خاں)
پروفیسر قیام الدین احمد مرحوم ملک کے ممتاز مورخ اور مشہور عالم و محقق تھے، ۲۷؍ اگست ۱۹۹۸؁ء کو ان کا انتقال اچانک حرکت قلب بند ہوجانے کی وجہ سے ہوا، اس وقت وہ خدا بخش لائبریری پٹنہ کے ایک سمینار کے لیے اپنا مقالہ ٹائپ کررہے تھے جو آزادی کی گولڈن جبلی تقریبات کے سلسلے میں جامعہ ہمدرد دہلی میں ہونے والا تھا۔
ہندوستان کے عہد وسطیٰ کی تاریخ اور انیسویں صدی کا ہندو مسلم معاشرہ ان کا خاص موضوع تھا، اس پر ان کی نظر وسیع تھی۔ بہار میں ہندوستان کے عہد وسطیٰ کی تاریخ نویسی کی روایت کی بنیاد شاد عظیم آبادی اور ونایک پر شاد نے ڈالی تھی جس کو سرجدوناتھ سرکار نے پروان چڑھایا اور پدم شری پروفیسر سید حسن عسکری نے نقطۂ عروج تک پہنچایا، پروفیسر قیام الدین اسی سلسلہ کی آخری کڑی تھے، ان کی وفات سے جو خلا ہوا ہے اس کا پُر ہونا مشکل معلوم ہوتا ہے۔
ملک و قوم کی بے لوث خدمت اور آزادی وطن کی تحریک میں علمائے صادق پور کے کارنامے اظہر من الشمس ہیں، مرحوم قیام الدین کا تعلق اسی عظیم اور مقدس خانوادے سے تھا، حضرت سید احمد شہیدؒ کی تحریک اصلاح و جہاد میں بھی اس خاندان کے بزرگوں نے بڑے جوش و خروش اور نہایت عزم و استقلال سے حصہ لیا تھا۔
مرحوم کے اجداد میں مولانا احمد اﷲ صاحب اور کئی لوگوں کو ابنالہ مقدمات کے سلسلہ میں کالے پانی کی سزا ہوئی۔ موجودہ صدی کے اوائل میں اس خاندان کے افراد کا رجحان مغربی تعلیم کی طرف ہوگیا۔ پروفیسر قیام الدین احمد صاحب کے دادا ڈاکٹر عظیم الدین احمد عربی کے مشہور فاضل اور اردو کے معروف شاعر و نقاد تھے، انہوں نے سر محمد اقبال کے...

Demographic Profile Associated With Malnutrition

Worldwide, malnutrition is the severemost health problem leading to the highest rate of disease and mortality among children less than 5 years of age. Objective: To find out the association between malnutrition and demographic profile. Methods: 350 malnourished children were chosen by non-probability convenient sampling technique from Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Lahore. Children were assessed through pre-tested questionnaire. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21.0. Results: 45% malnourished children were 1-3 years of age, majority of the children were females (52%), 89% children were from rural areas, 82.6% children were from low socioeconomic status, 54.6% mothers were uneducated, 50% malnourished children were not having their own house, 115 malnourished children were having 3 or more siblings and 89 mothers were having less than one year of pregnancy gap. Conclusions: Low socioeconomic status, illiteracy of mothers, rural area, gap between pregnancy and female gender has been found to be linked with malnutrition in children below 5 years of age.

Metal-Microbe Interaction in Municipal Solid Waste Compost Amended Soil and its Effect on Maize Zea May L. Growth

The use of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) can be very helpful in agricultural soils because of its associated useful characteristics. It improves soil physico-chemical properties, soil microbial biomass (SMB), mitigates soil diseases and enhanced soil organic matter (SOM) etc. However, the threat related to toxic heavy metal presence in MSWC can limit its extensive use as a soil amendment in agriculture. Higher heavy metals concentrations can decrease SMB, soil microbial ecology and activities of enzymes etc. The microbial processes affect transformation of metals which influence the availability of these metals in soil. The microbiological processes can either solubilize metals which may result in their potential toxicity and bioavailability or immobilize them. A lot of work has been done on the effect of toxic heavy metals on soil microorganisms, however, the research work is mainly experimented in acidic soils. The data regarding metal–microbe interaction in alkaline calcareous soils amended with MSWC is very limited. A study was planned to evaluate the effect of heavy metals present in MSWC on SMB and how soil microorganisms (Enterobacter sp. MN-17 (ST1) and Bacillus sp. MN-54 (ST2)) transform cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb). The effect of MSWC on heavy metals availability, and growth of maize (Zea mays L.) was studied. The role of biochar and metal tolerant bacterial strain (MN-17) was also assessed to reduce metal availability in MSWC amended soils. Results showed that the increase in MSWC rate from 5 to 20 t ha-1 significantly increased the SMB (C and N) and soil dehydrogenase activity (DHA). MSWC application at 20 t ha-1 showed highest values of SMB C (21 %), SMB N (111 %) and DHA (25%) over control. No negative impacts were observed on the soil quality indicators by applying higher rates of MSWC during the whole incubation period. The addition of metal tolerant strains (MN-17 and MN-54) showed significant difference in reducing the exchangeable fraction of Cd and Pb in MSWC amended soil. Soil microbial biomass C and N and soil dehydrogenase enzyme concentrations were also increased by the addition of metal tolerant strains in MSWC. It was noticed that the metal tolerant bacterial strains can affect the mobility of metals through microbial transformation in soil and can reduce the exchangeable fraction of heavy metals in MSWC amended soil. Furthermore, roots of maize plants showed the highest metal concentrations which might act as a barrier for Pb, resulting in reduced concentrations of Pb in shoot of maize. However, the uptake of Cd remained higher from roots to shoots in maize vii plant. MSWC showed a positive impact on the plant growth and physiological parameters. Soil quality parameters (SMB and DHA) were also enhanced in soil where maize plants were grown upon the application of MSWC. In addition, poultry manure biochar and metal tolerant strain MN-17 and their combination remained more effective in the immobilization of Cd (66%) and Pb (61%) in MSWC amended soil. The mixing of biochar and metal tolerant strain MN-17 alone and their combination with MSWC showed better growth and physiological parameters as compared to the plants grown in MSWC amended soil. Soil microbial biomass C and N and soil dehydrogenase enzyme concentrations were also increased by the addition of biochar and MN-17 in MSWC amended soil. With incorporation of MSWC in soil, no detrimental effects of heavy metals on maize plant growth and soil microbial biomass were found. However, due to the high bioavailability potential of Cd and Pb, the repeated applications of MSWC would carry a risk of Cd and Pb build-up in soil.
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