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نور افشاں، نور زا غارِ حرا

نُور افشاں، نُور زا غارِ حرا
روشنی کا سلسلہ غارِ حرا

معرفت کے ستوؤں کی خوشبوئیں
منبعِ آبِ بقا غارِ حرا

ربِّ کعبہ کا کلامِ آخریں
اور اُس کی ابتدا غارِ حرا

جادۂ حق و ہدایت اِس طرف
خیر کا ہر راستہ غارِ حرا

کائناتِ نُور کی پہلی کرن
روشنی کی انتہا غارِ حرا

ملجا و ماویٰ یتیموں کے لیے
بے نواؤں کی نوا غارِ حرا

جملہ امراضِ جہاں کے واسطے
کامل و اکمل شفا غارِ حرا

Awareness and Accessibility of Right to Information Act: A Comparative Study of Minorities within Pakistan and India

Right to Information (RTI) has become one of the major laws to strengthen the democracy of a country. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the awareness and accessibility of RTI for minorities in Pakistan and India. In this regard, a survey questionnaire was distributed to the total of 50 Pakistani Hindus and 50 Indian Muslims under snowball sampling method. The findings were analyzed with the help of independent-samples t-test on SPSS. Findings indicate Pakistani Hindus have only 12% awareness and right to access information as compare to Indian Muslims. For the future studies, there is a need to develop awareness of Right to Information specially in Pakistan in order to improve accountability and transparency in the structure of government.

Association Mapping for Seed Traits in Wheat Triticum Aestivum L.

The present study was carried out on spring wheat germplasm to mine the nature and magnitude of morphological diversity and LD based association between markers and seed traits influencing the end use quality of wheat. The diversity patterns among 245 genotypes on the basis of phenotypic data revealed the extent of diversity which can be exploited for future breeding programs. Out of fourteen quantitative traits phenotyped, protein content, gluten content, starch and test weight contributed towards significant principal components (PCs) with highly significant correlation with chapatti and bread quality. Whereas, seed size and thousand grain weight were strongly associated with grain yield per plant. On the basis of principal component analysis, a set of 143 diverse genotypes was selected for SDS-PAGE analysis for HMW and LMW glutenin subunits. The frequencies of various HMW-GS were different for Pakistani landraces and modern Pakistani and CIMMYT germplasm. Landraces had a good chapatti quality and an overall poor bread quality while, the modern germplasm from both Pakistan and CIMMYT displayed good quality for both chapatti and bread. The correlation pattern between seed traits was similar in CIMMYT and Pakistani germplasm. Landraces and miscellaneous germplasm had different pattern of trait association from those of CIMMYT and Pakistani germplasm. On the basis of PCA and gluten protein profiling, 92 diverse genotypes were selected for subsequent association mapping. Population structure was detected with 30 unlinked SSRs that divided the population of 92 genotypes in three sub- populations. Extensive LD extent was found with 42 SSRs specific for 1B chromosome. Six SSR markers were found associated with six seed traits. In addition to finding novel markers, the results of association mapping from the study also confirmed previous results. The markers which were found significantly linked to the six quality traits may be used efficiently for the improvement of these traits through MAS.
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