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جادہ منزل

جادہ منزل

اسلام آباد سے شرم الشیخ تک اگر ہوائی جہاز براہِ راست اڑان بھرے تو یہ سفر تقریباََسات سے آٹھ گھنٹے میں طے ہو سکتا ہے ۔مگر اس سفر کی تکمیل کے لیے مسافر کو چوبیس گھنٹے لگے ۔اسلام آباد کے ہوائی مستقر کی انتظار کے صاف شفاف شیشوں سے سعودی ائیر لائن کا دیو ہیکل ہوائی پرندہ کھڑا صاف نظر آ رہا تھا ۔اس پرندے کی منزل ریاض کا دلکش ائیر پورٹ تھا ۔جہاں سے مجھے پانچ گھنٹے کے انتظار کے بعد اسی کمپنی کے جہاز سے قاہرہ کا سفر درپیش تھا ۔تمام مسافر ٹکٹکی باندھے کبھی جہاز اور کبھی الیکترانی گھڑیال پر نظر ڈالتے،مسافروں کی جہاز میں جلد بیٹھنے کی خواہش جس رفتار پر چل رہی تھی گھڑیال کی سوئیا ںاس کے ساتھ قدم ملاکر چلنے سے عاری تھیں ۔لمحہ موجود منجمد تھا اور شوقِ پرواز کو پر لگے ہوئے تھے ،مقیم رشتہ دار مسافروں کو دلاسا دے کر رخصت ہو رہے تھے کہ خیریت سے پہنچنے کی اطلاع ضرور دیں ۔عازمین سفر اچھی نشست چاہے اپنی ہویا پرائی کے حصول کے لیے ایک دوسرے پر سبقت لے جانے میںکوشاں تھے ۔مسافر کو عازمین کی یہ حالت و حرکت دیکھ کر ایک دانا کی تحریر یاد آ گئی ،اقتدار کی مسند ہو کہ جہاز کی نشست ،کرسی کے حصول کے اصول یکساں ہوتے ہیں ۔جہاز میں داخل ہو کر بھی مسافروں کو چین نہ آ یا کوئی آگے یا پیچھے بیٹھنے کے فوائد کو بیان کر رہا تھا اور کوئی دائیں بائیں بازو کی بحث میں الجھا ہوا تھا وہاں پیش و پس یہاں چین و چناں ۔بعض مسافر محرموںکے ساتھ بیٹھنا چاہتے تھے اور بعض نا محرموںکے ساتھ ۔ادھر دوستی کا دعویٰ اورکشش ،ادھر ہوس کا جواب دعویٰ اور بہکاوا، سب متذبذب نظر آ رہے تھے ۔فیصلہ کرنا مشکل ہو...

Assessing the Relevance of Indus Waters Treaty to the International Law on NonNavigational Uses of the International Watercourses

Indus Waters Treaty is the most comprehensive and complex document which divides Indus Rivers System between India and Pakistan. It has continued to function through three wars and various political tensions between both neighboring states. It was signed in 1960 when no international law was available to deal the non-navigational uses of the international watercourses. Since the Helsinki rules were adopted by the International Association of Law in 1966 and the United Nations Convention on International Water Courses was approved by the United Nations General Assembly in 1997, both documents have little effect on the terms and conditions of the Indus Waters Treaty. This paper is an attempt to explore the relevance of the provisions of the Treaty to the contemporary international law on non-navigational uses of the international rivers

Impact of Envioronmental Knowledge and Attitude N Environmental Behavior of Students: A Case Study of Secondary Schools, Pakistan

The study examined the associations of environmental knowledge and environmental attitude towards pro-environmental behavior among 375 respondents of 9th and 10th grade of public and private secondary schools of Pakistan through mixed method approach. An adapted tool called ‘CATES’ originally developed by (Malkus and Musser 1993) was used to collect the quantitative part of data. Overall reliability for the present ‘study tool’ was found to be 0.791 in our Pakistani context. Association and dissociation were determined among male and female, rural and urban, and public and private students. The study found a positive association among environmental knowledge, attitude and behavior. It was found through the Independent Samples t-test that there were significant differences between environmental knowledge and income of the parents of the respondents. The significant difference was also found between the environmental attitude and the age groups 12-13 and 14-15 years. The students of younger age group of 9th grade (12-13 years) revealed comparatively better than their older counterparts i.e. 10th grade (14-15 year) students. One way analysis of variance (ANOVA) found significant differences in environmental knowledge with education and income of parents, similarly the significant difference was also found in environmental attitude and education of parents. However the study found no significant differences among environmental knowledge, attitude, and behavior towards the groups of male and female, public and private, rural and urban AN ENVIRONMENTAL STUDY ON KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND BEHAVIOR 2 respondents of the study. Pearson Correlation analysis showed a moderate r(375) = .424**, p < .001 positive relationship between environmental attitude and environmental behavior, significant but moderate positive r(375) = .313**, p < .001 between environmental knowledge and attitude, and significant but weak positive r(375) = .233**, p < .001 between environmental knowledge and environmental behavior scores of the secondary school students of 9th and 10th grade respectively. Thus the findings of the correlation analysis supported that the environmental knowledge was a weaker predictor of the environmental attitude as well as of environmental behavior, while the environmental attitude was the moderate predictor of the environmental behavior. The results of regression revealed that there was a positive impact of environmental knowledge and environmental attitude on the environmental behavior of the secondary school students of 9th and 10th grade level. Finally new directions for future research in environmental knowledge and their impacts are recommended.
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