ڈاکٹر ابومحمد سحر
ڈاکٹر ابو سحر ۲۹؍ اپریل ۲۰۰۲ء کو شب میں بھوپال میں انتقال کرگئے، دوسرے دن صبح سیفیہ کالج بھوپال سے ملحقہ قبرستان میں تدفین ہوئی، وہ اردو کے مشہور ادیب و شاعر تھے، انہوں نے الٰہ آباد یونیوورسٹی سے اردو میں ایم۔اے کیا اور آگرہ یونیورسٹی سے امیر مینائی پر تحقیقی مقالہ لکھ کر پی۔ایچ۔ڈی کی ڈگری حاصل کی۔ بعد میں یہی مقالہ ترمیم و اضافے کے بعد ’’مطالعۂ امیر‘‘ کے نام سے کتابی صورت میں شائع ہوا۔
مرحوم سحر صاحب کو اردو شاعری کی صنف قصیدہ نگاری سے بڑی دلچسپی تھی ان کی سب سے پہلی کتاب اسی موضوع پر اردو میں قصیدہ نگاری کے نام سے ۱۹۵۸ء میں چھپی، یہ مختصر ہونے کے باوجود موضوع کے تمام پہلوؤں کو محیط ہے، اس میں قصیدہ سے متعلق بڑی محنت و تحقیق سے مفید و مستند معلومات جمع کئے گئے ہیں۔ ڈاکٹر صاحب کی دلچسپی کا ایک موضوع غالبیات بھی تھا، زبان و لغت و املا اور اس کی اصلاح کے متعلق بھی تحریری نقوش چھوڑے ہیں، اردو میں قصیدہ نگاری اور مطالعہ امیر کے علاوہ ان کی یہ یادگاریں بھی ہیں، تنقید و تجزیہ، انتخاب قصائد اردو مع مقدمہ و حواشی، غالبیاتؔ کے چند مباحث اردو املا اور اس کی اصلاح، زبان اور لغت۔
شاعری کی جانب جناب سحر کاطبعی میلان تھا۔ اسی راہ سے وہ ادب کے میدان میں داخل ہوئے تھے، ان کی شاعری کا آغاز نظم نگاری سے ہوا، پھر غزلیں، قطعات اور رباعیاں بھی کہیں، ابتدائی کلام محفوظ نہیں، رکھا آخر میں شعر کہنے کی رفتار سست ہوگئی تھی تاہم شعر کہنے کا سلسلہ ہمیشہ جاری رہا اور ـ’’برگِ غزل‘‘ کے نام سے شعری مجموعہ بھی چھپا۔
ابو محمد سحر کم آمیز، کم سخن سنجیدہ اور باوقار شخص تھے، شورش وہنگامے سے دور رہتے تھے گوشہ نشینی...
Islam is a religion of peace and tolerance. This fact is very much evident from the very title of Islam. In this research article, the author explores the meaning of Islam, Salam (Peace), and Tasa muh (Tolerance), lexicologically and technically, and finds the integral mutual relationship between, Islam, peace and the observance of tolerance. Peace is the foremost feature and goal of Islam, to which this religion leads and guides. The observance of tolerance is essential to achieve a peaceful environment in a heterogeneous and pluralistic human society. This paper confirms from the Quran, Ahadith and Sirah of the holy prophet Muhammad r that how much Islam and the prophet r of Islam are concerned about the maintenance of peace and how intense the advice and the teachings of tolerance are in Islam. Islam believes in the peaceful living with the people of different faiths, cultures, creeds and colours. For this purpose, Islam respects and ensures the observance of basic human rights and the essential freedom of religion, thought, expression, etc. The author determines the meaning, scope and parameters of peace and tolerance, so as the Muslim may not misunderstand the concept of peace and tolerance and may not go to the extent that they compromise with the Islamic spirit
Drought is one of the major abiotic stresses among all the abiotic factors and it is recurrent climatic factor usually faced by plants in arid and semiarid areas and serious threat to food security. Biochar is a carbon rich product of pyrolysis, which have high water retention capacity due to its high surface area and highly porous nature. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are group of microorganisms in the rhizosphere, which improves plant growth through different mechanisms i.e. hormone production, ACC deaminase and exopolysaccharides production etc., under stress conditions. Simultaneous application of biochar and rhizobacteria could be an effective approach for improving growth, physiology and yield of maize under drought stress. In this study crushed corn cobs biochar was produced at 300 and 400 ̊C pyrolysis temperature. Three levels of biochar (0, 1 and 3%) were applied into the soil to find best biochar type and level for improving drought resilience in maize. Drought levels (100, 70 and 40% FC) were maintained gravimetrically. Biochar application significantly improved the growth and physiology of maize under drought stress. Overall 3% biochar produced at 400 ̊C significantly improved shoot and root length, shoot and root dry weight, relative water content and protein content in maize under drought stress. Among soil quality parameters, aggregate stability, carbon pool index (CPI), lability index (LI) and soil moisture contents were also increased significantly with 3% (400 ̊C) biochar as compared to control and increase in aggregate stability and moisture content was 80 and 132% more as compared to control at drought level 70% FC, respectively. Therefore, 3% biochar produced at 400 ̊C was selected for further evaluation in the pot trial along with PGPR under drought stress. A number of rhizobacterial strains were isolated from maize rhizosphere from arid and semi-arid areas of Punjab, Pakistan. Fast growing rhizobacterial isolates were subjected to drought tolerance assay and further screening was done under drought stress. Nine most effective isolates (LK2, LK7, LK9, LK13, LK16, LK18, LK21, LK24 and LK29) were selected to evaluate their potential for improving growth and physiology of maize under drought stress. Inoculation of LK13 and LK16 significantly improved maize seedling growth, fresh and dry weight, photosynthetic activity, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and water use efficiency as compared to control. Isolate LK-13 and LK-16 showed maximum growth promotion and were selected for pot trial. Biochar at 3% (produced at 400 ̊C) was applied in combination with PGPR strains LK-13 and LK-16 for improving growth, physiology and yield of maize (Zea mays L.) under drought stress. Combined application of biochar and PGPR significantly improved the growth, yield and physiological parameters compared to control. Results also revealed that antioxidant enzymes (CAT, SOD, POD, APX, GPX) activity in plant leaves was reduced while soil enzymes (acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase & β-glucosidase) activity and microbial biomass C and N were improved significantly as compared to control. Grain yield was increased significantly upto 80% with biochar + LK-16 compared to control at 70% FC. Finally, is was concluded that biochar application @ 3% produced at 400 ̊C) along with rhizobacteria significantly improved the growth, physiology and yield of maize under drought stress. However, further evaluation should be needed for practical application under field conditions.