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Home > غیر مسلم رشتہ داروں سے صلہ رحمی اور تعلقات :اسلامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں

غیر مسلم رشتہ داروں سے صلہ رحمی اور تعلقات :اسلامی تعلیمات کی روشنی میں

Thesis Info

Author

محمد عرفان چوہدری

Supervisor

عبد الرشید قادری

Department

شعبہ علوم اسلامیہ

Program

Mphil

Institute

The University of Lahore

Institute Type

Private

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Subject

Comparative Religion

Language

Urdu

Keywords

مسلم غیرمسلم تعلقات
Muslim Non Muslim Relations

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676709341486

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میرا جی بطور شاعر

میرا جی بطور شاعر
میراجی، جن کا اصل نام محمد ثناء اللہ تھا۔ منشی محمد مہتاب الدین کے ہاں 25 مئی، 1912ء کو لاہور میں پیدا ہوئے۔ پہلے ’’ساحری‘‘ تخلص کرتے تھے۔ لیکن ایک بنگالی لڑکی ’’میرا سین‘‘ کے یک طرفہ عشق میں گرفتار ہو کر ’’میراجی‘‘ تخلص اختیار کر لیا۔ میراجی کی ذات سے ایسے واقعات وابستہ ہیں کہ ان کی ذات عام آدمی کے لیے ایک افسانہ بن کر رہ گئی ہے۔ اْن کا حلیہ اور ان کی حرکات و سکنات ایسی تھیں کہ یوں معلوم ہوتا تھا انہوں نے سلسلہ ملامتیہ میں بیعت کر لی ہے۔ لمبے لمبے بال ،بڑی بڑی مونچھیں، گلے میں مالا، شیروانی پھٹی ہوئی، اوپر نیچے بیک وقت تین پتلونیں، اوپر کی جب میلی ہو گئی تو نیچے کی اوپر اور اوپر کی نیچے بدل جاتی۔ شیروانی کی دونوں جیبوں میں بہت کچھ ہوتا۔ کاغذوں اور بیاضوں کا پلندہ بغل میں دابے بڑی سڑک پر پھرتا تھااور چلتے ہوئے ہمیشہ ناک کی سیدھ میں دیکھتا تھا۔ وہ اپنے گھر اپنے محلے اور اپنی سوسائٹی کے ماحول کو دیکھ دیکھ کر کڑتا تھا اس نے عہد کر رکھا تھا کہ وہ اپنے لیے شعر کہے گا۔ صرف 38 سال کی عمر میں 3 نومبر، 1949ء کو انتقال کرگئے۔ اس مختصر سی عمر میں میراجی کی تصانیف میں ’’مشرق و مغرب کے نغمے‘‘ ’’اس نظم میں ‘‘’’نگار خانہ‘‘’’خیمے کے آس پاس‘‘ شامل ہیں۔ جبکہ میراجی کی نظمیں، گیت ہی گیت، پابند نظمیں اور تین رنگ بھی شاعری کے مجموعے ہیں۔

معاشرتی فساد و انتشار کے تدارک کا نبوی منہج

Islam provides a complete code of life and no doubt it is the religion of love and peace. The aim 0f its teaching is to unite the Muslim world specially and the whole human community in general. “Prophetic Methodology for the Elimination of Social Disturbance and Anarchy” is the topic to provide the practical guideline to built a peaceful and human caring society. First of all the word disturbance and anarchy has been described, secondly the kinds of disturbance and anarchy as internal and external has been discussed. Different aspects, reasons and the solutions of all external and internal disturbance and anarchy has been discussed in detail. Moreover their targets and objectives have also been expressed. The main focus of the research is to provide the practical solution of all types of social disturbance and anarchy in light of Prophetic teachings.

Effects of Solvents on the Reduction of Methylene Green

The photo reduction of methylene green (MG+) with ethylene diammine tetra acetic acid (EDTA) in aqueous alkaline and aqueous alkaline miscible organic solvent was carried out spectrophotometrically by visible light. Reaction was followed by change in optical density of methylene green with time course. It was observed that change in solvent showed no significant change in wavelength but change in optical density showed the effect of solvent on dye reduction process. Therefore reaction was followed at λmax 658 nm. The influence of operational parameters, such as dye concentration, reductant concentration, change in pH, change in solvent composition, and change in ionic strength at different temperature revealed that these parameters strongly influence the decoloration of the dye. The apparent rate of decoloration was calculated from observed absorption data on the kinetics of bleaching of dye, showed that reaction follows pseudo first order kinetics. EDTA was found to be an effective reducing agent for the photo reduction of methylene green in aerobic condition. Consumption of EDTA in the reduction of methylene green leads to conclude that it is oxidized. This is an unexpected result since EDTA does not normally function as a reducing agent. The nitrogen containing chelating agents with secondary or tertiary nitrogen behaved, as electron donors in photochemical reduction of dye. H+/ 2e- + MG + EDTA MGH alkali Results showed that dye reduction process depend upon the concentration of EDTA and alkali where as it was independent upon the dye concentration. The salting agent KNO3 has been found to decline overall rate of reduction of methylene green with EDTA in aqueous medium as well as in mixed solvent system. Detailed kinetics and thermodynamics aspects have been discussed in relevant section of discussion to realize the interaction between methylene green and EDTA. Regeneration of color was observed upon turning off source of light. Effect of increasing concentration (10-30%) of water 1 miscible organic solvent (methanol and ethanol) on dye decoloration showed that rate of reaction increase as the dielectric constant of water decreases. Spectral intensities of dye in binary solvent mixture of different composition showed the dominating character of aqueous medium with no remarkable difference in values of λmax. This may be attributed to the similar reaction of H+ ion abstraction from reductant in mixed solvent system as in aqueous medium. During the course of study of the kinetics of reduction of methylene green, it was found that mixed solvent medium results in pronounced enhancement of rate in EDTA and at alkaline pH while in case of methylene green the following order was observed H2O > Methanol > Ethanol. An attempt has been made to give an explanation of imperative role of dielectric constant of the medium taking into consideration of single sphere and double sphere complex in reaction mixture. Our study revealed that single sphere complex was found to be most suitable complex existed in the mixed organic solvent with dye and reductant. In presence of alkali and nitrate ion concentration the values of single sphere complex model were not coinciding with the values obtained theoretically in mixed solvent system. Therefore HPLC analysis was carried out to check the dye molecule degraded or not. HPLC analysis suggested that a significant amount of the dye degrade in presence of nitrate ion and alkali and additional peaks which may be off by product were produced. This leads to confirm the non identical values of single sphere and double sphere model in presence of nitrate and alkali. Rate of removal of color showed a linear relationship with respect to water content below 30% and temperature between 20- 40 oC where as increase in concentration of organic solvent showed the inhibition of dye decoloration at given optimum condition. Therefore study was restricted up to 30% of methanol/ ethanol binary mixtures.