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Analysis of the Present State of Transfer of Technology

Thesis Info

Author

Saeed Ullah Khan.

Department

College of EME

Institute

University of Engineering and Technology

Institute Type

Public

City

Rawalpindi

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1992

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

209 . : ill. ; 28 cm.

Subject

Economics

Language

English

Other

Hardcover.; Call No: 338.926 S 1 A

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676712276981

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لگتا ہے آج کل اسے میرا ہی دھیان ہے

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کارڈز میں بیعِ صرف کی شرعی وفقہی حیثیت اور اس کی عملی تطبیق

Digital Cards in banking and non banking sector have been widely used and legally accepted in the world today.  They are not only safe and secure for business transactions but also easy to use. This new phenomena has raised many questions for Muslim jurists and Islamic legal scholars as whether or not their transactions are sharīʿah compliant. This paper attempts to study this new phenomenon and analyze the juristic literature in order to explain the Islamic legal status of the utilization of these cards.

Ecobiological and Allelochemical Characterization of Selected Invasive Plants of Pothwar Region of Pakistan

Pothwar region, Pakistan is a hot spot for biodiversity, but the vegetation is constantly under pressure of exotic invasive plants. Phytosociological studies help to understand extent of biological invasion. Multiple analyses of ecological parameters at different locations derive general explanations of impact on species diversity in plant communities. The current study assessed impact of selected invaders viz. Parthenium hysterophorus L., Lantana camara L., Xanthium strumarium L. and Broussonetia papyrifera (L.) L’Herit. ex Vent. invasion on native flora in Pothwar region of Pakistan. Paired plot experimental design with two categorical factors; invaded and non-invaded (control) under same habitat conditions was used for sampling. Differences in number of species (S), abundance (N), species richness (R), evenness (Jꞌ), Shannon index of diversity (Hꞌ) and Simpson index of dominance (λ) were calculated using PRIMER-7 software package. Ecological indices were compared between invaded and control plots by t-test series using IBM SPSS v. 21 software. Control plots harbored by an average of 0.9, 1.74, 1.28 and 1.3 more individuals per 10m2 respectively. The control category was diverse (Hꞌ=1.73, 2.56, 2.15, 2.00) than invaded category (Hꞌ=1.53, 1.56, 1.65, 1.82) for four studied invaders. Similarly, control plots showed higher value of Jꞌ and λ for all the studied sites. The higher value of species richness in control plots shows heterogeneous nature of communities and vice versa in invaded plots. The lower value of index of dominance in invaded plots shows less sample diversity than control ones. This decrease in number of species directly affects α- diversity in invaded plots. At multivariate scale, ordination (nMDS) and ANOSIM showed significant magnitude of differences between invaded and control plots in xvii all sites. The decrease in diversity indices in invaded over control sites indicated that plant communities become less productive due to invasion; hence a threat to plant diversity. Invasion impact was observed as Lantana camara > Xanthium strumarium > Parthenium hysterophorus > Broussonetia papyrifera. Results suggested appropriate control measures for studied invaders. Radish seed germination bioassay with methanol extracts harboring 0.05 gmL-1 of root, leaves, flowers and stem of selected invaders indicated L. camara leaves and X. strumarium fruits as most phytotoxic plant parts. Fractionation and bioassay guided isolation of allelochmicals from L. camara leaves against monocot (Phalaris minor Retz. & Avena fatua L.) and dicot (Rumex dentatus L. & Chenopodium album L.) weed test species provided evidence about herbicidal potential of test plant species. Among ethyl acetate, hexane, chloroform and aqueous methanolic extract fractions, ethyl acetate fraction was shown to be most inhibitory to selected weed test species. Through flash column chromatography using mobile phase of Hexane : Ethyl acetate (60:40), 31 fractions were collected in small vials and tested for inhibition activity against radish seeds. Fraction with highest inhibition activity was subjected to GC-MS analysis that shows compound as ‘Vitexin’. To the best of our knowledge Lantana camara leaves have not been previously reported to possess flavonoid compound ‘vitexin’ and tested against weeds of wheat crop. So this investigation has provided a clue about its herbicidal importance for further research.