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Thesis Info

Author

Khalid Aziz, Muhammad.

Department

College of Electrical and Mechanical Engg

Institute

University of Engineering and Technology

Institute Type

Public

City

Rawalpindi

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

1994

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

97 .: ill.; 25 cm.

Subject

Mechanical

Language

English

Other

Hardcover.; Call No: 004.65 K 52 D

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676712722314

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16. Al-Nahl/The Honey Bee

16. Al-Nahl/The Honey Bee

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

16:01
Allah’s Judgment is coming.
So do not seek to hurry it – O the disbelievers.
All Glory be to HIM!
And HE is Exalted - far above what they ascribe to HIM in Divinity and Worship.

16:02
Tell them, O The Prophet, that everyone does not deserve to get the angels descend on to him.
HE sends down the angels with the Spirit by HIS Command upon whoever HE
Pleases of HIS servants, saying:
‘Warn people that there is no entity of worship except ME alone.
So keep away from MY disobedience’ in reverence, awe, and piety!

16:03
HE created the celestial realm and the terrestrial world in truth with a definite purpose.
HE is Exalted - far above what they ascribe to HIM.

16:04
HE created the human being from a drop of semen,
yet the same human being openly becomes a fierce adversary.

16:05
And the livestock - HE created them for you.
There is warmth in them - in clothing from their hides/wool - and other benefits,
and of them, you obtain meat to eat as well.

16:06
And there is beauty in them for you too -
when you bring them home in the evening, and
when you take them out to pastures in the morning.

16:07
And they carry your loads to distant far-off lands,
which you could not otherwise reach without hardship to yourselves.
In fact, your Rabb - The Lord is All-Gracious and All-Compassionate.

16:08
And HE...

پاکستانی جامعات میں سامی مذاہب پر علومِ اسلامیہ کے(ایم فل ،پی ایچ ڈی) اردو سندی مقالات کا اشاریہ و شماریاتی جائزہ

Urdu Dissertations of Islamic Studies on Semitic Religions (MPhil, PhD) in Pakistani Universities: An Index and Bibliometric Review Study of religions or Comparative Religions is a globally significance subject. Pakistan is also resourceful in this field. In many universities, there are special departments on this valuable subject. It is taught as compulsory course at BS & MA level in the departments of Isalmic studies in all universities. In many universities it’s also taught at MPhil and PhD level, some of them have produced hundreds of MS and PhDs dissertations on this subject. Due to its importance, it was a dire need to review and compile the titles of theses and dissertations, which are produced from the universities on the subject. In this study, efforts are made to review and compile a comprehensive index of such theses at MPhil and PhD level from Pakistani universities with statistical analysis. Due to its huge amount, the data is divided into two major types, Semitic and non-Semitic religions. The current study covers only Semitic/ Revealed and related topics. The word Semitic refers to the race of the son of Prophet Noah (A.S) or the areas where this race was spread and grew. Semitic Religions consists of; Judaism, Christianity and Islam. In this study, Biblometric approach is adopted with mix method approach. Total 393 theses of Islamic Studies on Semitic Religions are compiled and statistically evaluated in this paper. The study concludes that a good deal of literature and dissertations are available in Pakistani universities on Comparative Religions and Interfaith Studies. It is recommended that contents of theses should be analyzed for improvement of the Study of Religions in Pakistan

On the Characterization of Periodicity of Pores in Nanoporous Anodic Alumina

Small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) has been performed on porous anodic alumina prepared at non-ordering conditions. These were prepared by two-step anodizing to have uniform through-thickness structure. The thickness of the membranes was of the order of 100-200 μm. The scattering has been explained based on structure factor; the magnitude of scattering vectors (q) corresponding to well-established peaks being multiples of 2 π /d, where d is the inter-pore distance. The usually studied form factor has not been found to play any profound role to determine the scattering response of anodic alumina. The scattering from PAA samples has been extremely anisotropic, where q always lies at about 90° with respect to the sample’s normal. A deviation from this angle which is limited to about ± 2° has been due to scatter of the pore axis with respect to sample’s normal, which is caused by occasional pore turning, branching or annihilation events. The analysis and methodology adopted in this study has also been suggested as extremely useful for determining the orientation of high-aspect ratio objects in an anisotropic sample along with assessing the degree of misalignment. Theoretically calculated / simulated structure factor (corresponding to interpore distance and interplanar distance) have been sucessfully fitted to SAXS spectra of PAA prepared by variety of conditions such as using single-step anodizing for various durations and double-step anodizing at various voltages. From these fittings useful quantitative informamtion such as lattice constant, interpore distance, long-range ordering (average domain size) and strctural disorder have been obtained, which previously was not possible through direct imaging techniques. PAA, prepared at ordering conditions by single-step and double-step anodizing, exhibit SAXS intensity peaks that correspond to two-dimensional hexagonal lattice. At all of the ordering voltages, long-range hexagonal pore ordering increases and structural disorder decreses with increase in time of anodizing during first-step of anodizing. PAA samples prepared at non-ordering voltages do not have hexagonal pore ordering, however, they exhibit regular interpore distance. SAXS analysis on the doubly-anodized samples prepared at ordering voltages reveal that the variation of pore axes in the ordered PAA is smaller than non-ordered PAA. Fitting of the simulated 2-D hexagonal lattice to the SAXS spectrum of PAA prepared (by both single step and two-step) at 60 V reveals that the sample possesses 2-D hexagonal nanoporous structure. Pore nucleation on surfaces with different pre-texture has been studied in detail. Electropolishing Aluminum surface in Perchloric acid-alcohol solution leads to nano stripes with Protrusions. These troughs in the nano stripes was found to have predominant role as pore nucleation sites in the subsequent anodizing at smaller voltages as well as larger voltage. The role of pre-texture was further investigated and confirmed by preparing a pre-textured surface which was prepared by anodizing at low voltage the electropolished aluminum followed by dissolution of the oxide grown which leaves nanopit surface for the subsequent anodizing at higher voltage. Anodizing at higher voltages on a pre-textured surface leads to the idea of pore exclusion zone that excludes the neighboring pore nucleating sites due to oxide flow in the subsequent anodizing. The study helps to understand pore nucleation at ordering at non-ordering voltages.