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Home > حکومت پاکستان کی انسداد دہشت گردی سے متعلق پالیسیوں اور قوانین کا شریعت اسلامی

حکومت پاکستان کی انسداد دہشت گردی سے متعلق پالیسیوں اور قوانین کا شریعت اسلامی

Thesis Info

Author

راضیہ شاہین

Supervisor

محی الدین ہاشمی

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2015۔

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

131-ص

Subject

Law

Language

Urdu

Other

Call No: 340.5954 ر ا ح; Publisher: علامہ اقبال اوپن یونیورسٹی،

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676714493604

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غزل

 جیون کی

 

 اس درد کتھا کا

 

میں اک عنواں ہوں

 

میرے اندر صدیوں کا

 

سنتاپ چھپا ہے

 

میرے  باطن میں ہیں کتنے

 

 گہرے گہرے  درد  سمندر

 

جن کی تشنہ سی کچھ لہریں

 

میرے بنجر خوابوں کی

 

تعبیریں ڈھونڈ رہی ہیں

 

خواب سفر کی منزل

 

کتنی کٹھن ہوئی ہے

 

میں اس منزل کا راہی ہوں

 

اپنی ذات کے صحراؤں میں

 

سر گرداں ہوں

 

یعنی آج کا انساں ہوں میں

 

الاصابہ فی تمییز الصحابہ میں نماز و روزے سے متعلقہ روایاتِ اَحکام کا تحقیقی جائزہ Research Review of the Traditions of Rulings on Prayer and Fasting in Al-Aṣābah Fī Tamīz al-Ṣaḥābah

The book “Al-Aṣābah Fī Tamīz al-Ṣaḥābah” is a famous book of Ibn Ḥajar ‘Asqalānī on the life and contribution of the Companions. This book is quoted as a reference to decide the status of companions. It would not be wrong to call it the encyclopedia of the companions of the Holy Prophetﷺ. Apart from its status as a reference book regarding the companions this book encompasses the Seerah of Holy Prophet in a detailed and well composed manner. The distinction of the book is not hidden from the experts of science and research. In the book and other similar books, the life of the companions was discussed and the biography of the Prophet ﷺwas also described, but another aspect that remained unexplored in these books is the virtues and commandments mentioned in it. There are also narrations about virtues. In this paper the researcher has evaluated the Hadiths related to prayer and fasting that are narrated in Al-Aṣābah Fī Tamīz al-Ṣaḥābah. The evaluation comprises of authenticity of narrators and text, narrators’ mutual association or disassociation and the final decree about the authenticity of a hadith in the light of all available evidences.

Evaporation in Flooded Corrugated Plate Heat Exchanger With Nh3 and Nh3/Miscible Oil

Plate heat exchangers (PHEs) provide better heat transfer performance and operational flexibility and are being used in many process, chemical and refrigeration industries. However, their effective use in industries requires accurate heat transfer and pressure drop performance data. An extensive literature survey is presented to document existing literature available and highlight the importance of present study. This survey demonstrated that although considerable single phase work has been carried out on the performance of plate heat exchangers, however, existing single phase correlations have large disagreement and limited applicability. Limited two phase experimental results, using CFCs and HFCs as refrigerants are available on PHEs but very few data are reported for natural refrigerants in PHEs. The main objective of this project is to experimentally investigate thermo- hydraulic characteristics of a commercial chevron plate heat exchanger in single and two phase applications with and without lubricant effects and develop generalized correlations for Nusselt number and friction factor. The design and setup details of the experimental facility and data acquisition system are described. Steady state single phase (water to water) and two phase (ammonia evaporation) experiments were performed to investigate heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of a commercial plate heat exchanger. Effects of plate geometry, heat flux and Reynolds number are considered in the single phase experiments. Experiments were performed for 30°/30° (soft), 60°/60° (hard) and 30°/60° (mixed) chevron plate configurations. For single phase experiments, Reynolds number (Re) is varied from 500 to 2,500 while the Prandtl number ranged between 3.5 and 6.0. Experimental data show strong influence of plate geometry and Reynolds number on the heat transfer and pressure drop in the plate heat exchanger. Considering the possible measurement errors, the experimental Nusselt number and friction factor data have an uncertainty of ±6.5% and 2.4% respectively. Based on experimental data generalized correlation to estimate single phase Nusselt number (Nusp) incorporating effects of plate geometry, Re and varying fluid properties has been proposed. The Nusp correlation represents experimental data within a ±2% error band for symmetric plate configurations with maximum deviation of ±4% for mixed plate configuration. The plate specific fsp correlations represent experimental data within a ±5% error band. The two phase steady state experiments, using ammonia as refrigerant, have also been performed on symmetric plate configurations, 60°/60°, 30°/30° and a mixed 30°/60° plate configuration. Experiments are conducted for -2°C, - 9°C, -14.5°C, -19.5°C and -25°C saturation temperatures. Majority of the experiments were conducted for 0.5 < exit vapor quality < 0.9 which is the range of interest. The range of other important parameters are; 1,225 < equivalent Reynolds number < 3,000 and 21 kW/m2 < heat flux < 44 kW/m2. For all three geometric configurations, the effects of mass flux, heat flux, saturation temperature, exit vapor quality (x) and equivalent Reynolds number (Reeq) are considered on the heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of the plate heat exchanger. The two phase heat transfer coefficient (htp) is found to increase with an increase in the chevron angle for the entire range of heat flux and exit vapor quality. It also increased with an increase in saturation temperature. The uncertainty in experimental Nusselt number data is found to be maximum for low saturation temperature (-25°C) and is less than ±10%. Nucleate flow boiling dominated the low vapor quality regime (0.1 < x < 0.4) while convective boiling appears to play major role in the high vapor quality regime (0.5 < x < 0.8). Dry- out phenomenon is also observed for exit vapor quality beyond 0.8. Based on the experimental data a generalized correlation is proposed to estimate the two phase Nusselt number. The two phase Fanning friction factor decreased with an increase in Reeq. However, it is found to increase with an increase in saturation temperature. Considering all data measurement errors, an uncertainty of ±2.6% is found in the experimental friction factor data. Correlations to estimate two phase friction factor are also developed. Effect of miscible oil on the thermal-hydraulic performance of the plate heat exchanger has also been investigated. Experiments were conducted on the mixed plate configuration for five temperatures ranging between -2°C and -25°C with miscible oil concentrations of 3%, 6% and 9% by volume in liquid ammonia. The experimental results of miscible oil/ammonia mixture have been compared with pure ammonia data. The heat transfer coefficient is found to increase with an increase in oil concentration up to 3% but reduced with further increase in oil concentration. However, the effect of oil concentration is not significant on pressure drop, especially, at high saturation temperatures. At low saturation temperature and high oil concentration values, the pressure drop increased with a decrease in the saturation temperature. An uncertainty of about ± 10% is found in experimental two phase heat transfer coefficient data, while an uncertainty of less than ±3% is found in the experimental friction factor data. Generalized Nusselt number and friction factor correlations incorporating effects of oil concentration, Reeq, equivalent Boiling number, plate geometry and reduced pressure have been proposed. These correlations represent experimental data quite well. All experimental data are compared with previously published works.