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Home > ضلع بہاولنگرکے ثانوی سکولوں کے طلباء کے تعلیمی مسائل کا جائزہ

ضلع بہاولنگرکے ثانوی سکولوں کے طلباء کے تعلیمی مسائل کا جائزہ

Thesis Info

Author

طالب حسین

Supervisor

محمد شبیر احمد رانا

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2005

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

80

Subject

Education

Language

Urdu

Other

Call No: 373. ط ا ض; Publisher: علامہ اقبال اوپن یونیورسٹی

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676714544107

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حد کا لغوی معنی

حد ایک کثیر المعنی لفظ ہے ۔ ماہرین لغت ، محدثین اور فقہائے کرام نے اس کے کئی معنی بیان کیے ہیں ، جیسا کہ مشہور لغت دان ابن فارس(م:395ھ) حد کی تعریف بیان کرتے ہوئے لکھتے ہیں
"الحد: الحاء والدال أصلان: الأوّل المنع، والثاني طَرَف الشيء.فالحدّ: الحاجز بَيْنَ الشَّيئين. وفلان محدودٌ، إذا كان ممنوعاً. و"إنّه لَمُحارَفٌ محدود"،كأنه قد مُنِع الرِّزْقَ.ويقال للبوَّاب حَدّاد،لمنْعِه النَّاسَ من الدخول۔"1
"مادہ " حا اور دال " اس کی دو اصل ہیں پہلے کا معنی ہے روکنا اور دوسرے کا معنی ہے کسی شے کا کنارہ ، پس حد کا معنی ہے دو چیزوں کے درمیان آڑ ۔ جیسے کہا جاتا ہے کہ "وفلان محدودٌ "جب کہ اس شخص کو روک دیا گیا ۔ " إنّه لَمُحارَفٌ محدود "جیسا کہ وہ رزق سے روک دیا گیا ہے اور دروازے پر کھڑے ہونے والے کو حداد کہا جاتا ہے اس لیے کہ وہ لوگوں کو اندر آنے سے روکتا ہے۔ "
حد آڑ کے معنی میں بھی استعمال ہوتا ہے، جیسا کہ ابن منظور افریقی (م:711ھ)نے بیان کیا ہے
"الحَدُّ الفصل بين الشيئين لئلا يختلط أَحدهما بالآخر أَو لئلا يتعدى أَحدهما على الآخر وجمعه حُدود وفصل ما بين كل شيئين حَدٌّ بينهما۔"2
"حد دو چیزوں کی درمیانی آڑ کو کہتے ہیں تاکہ دونوں آپس میں خلط ملط نہ ہو جائیں۔ یا ان دونوں میں سے ایک دوسری پر زیادتی نہ کرے اور حد کی جمع حدود ہے۔ دو چیزوں کی درمیانی آڑ ان کے لیے حد ہوتی ہے۔ "
لفظ حد بطور روکنا بھی لیا جاتا ہے، راغب ا صفہانی(م:502ھ) اس حوالے سے بیان کرتے ہیں
"الحد الحاجز بین الشیئین الذی یمنع اختلاط احدھمابالاخر۔"3
" حدسے مراد وہ شے ہے جو دو اشیا کو باہم ملنے سے روک دے۔ "
دو چیزوں کی درمیان آڑ کو حد کہتے ہیں ، جیسا...

Efficacy of Atorvastatin Plus Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin Versus Pegylated Interferon and Ribavirin Alone in Chronic Hepatitis C Patients with Genotype-3a Atorvastatin for the treatment of chronic HCV with Genotype-3a

Background: Chronic hepatitis C infection has created a huge burden of disease causing serious health effects. The combination therapy used to treat hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection includes Pegylated interferon and Ribavirin. As cholesterol biosynthesis plays a pivotal role in HCV replication, the use of various statins has been associated with higher sustained viral response Objective: To compare the efficacy of atorvastatin plus pegylated interferon and ribavirin versus pegylated interferon and ribavirin alone in patients of chronic hepatitis C with genotype-3a Methods: This Randomized controlled trial was conducted at outpatient department, Mayo Hospital Lahore for six months i.e. May to November 2017. After ethical approval, 60patients of ages 25 to 55 years of either gender with chronic hepatitis C with genotype 3a were included in the study. Informed consent was taken from all patients. Then patients were randomly allocated into two groups “A” and “B” using random number table. Patients in Group A received standard of care treatment for chronic hepatitis C i.e. Pegylated interferon and ribavirin while the patients in Group B also received tab atorvastatin along with the standard treatment. Patients were follow up for 4 week. Blood samples were collected and HCV RNA detection. All this information were entered in proformaResults: In standard therapy group, the mean age of patients was 39.50±8.39years. In atorvastatin plus standard therapy group, the mean age of patients was 34.30±6.78years. In standard therapy group, there were 25 (83.3%) males and 5 (16.7%) females. In atorvastatin plus standard therapy group, there were 16 (53.3%) males and 14 (46.7%) females. After 4 weeks, Rapid VirologicalResponse (RVR) was achieved in 4 (13.3%) patients in standard therapy group while in 14 (46.7%) in atorvastatin plus standard therapy group. The difference was significant (p<0.05) Conclusions: Atorvastatin in combination with Pegylated interferon and ribavirin have better efficacy as compared toPegylated interferon & ribavirin alone in chronic hepatitis C-3a.

Impact of Financial Intermediation on Micro and Macro Level Growth in an Emerging Economy: An Analytical Study from Pakistan

The study has been performed to analyze the influence of financial intermediation on micro and macro growth in emerging economy of Pakistan. This study testifies the impact the financial intermediation functions on growth at three levels: Firm Level, Industry Level and the Macro Economic Level. Literature identifies a variety of functions performed by financial intermediaries beyond savings and pooling of funds. These functions include transaction cost function, liquidity assurance function, delegated monitoring function and information sharing function. Several proxies have been used to quantify the utilization of the financial intermediation functions while the growth has been measured as of firm size. In the first tier, a total of 130 Pakistani companies were investigated for the impact of functions of financial intermediation for the period 2004-2013 using Panel Data Analysis. Common Effect Model with Fixed Effects has been tested at the firm level panel data. According to the Fixed Effect Model in firm level panel, the proxies for the variable of Transaction Cost, Liquidity Assurance and Information Sharing Coalitions are found to have a significant impact on firm level growth while the proxies for the variable of Delegated Monitoring function have an insignificant impact on firm growth in the Pakistani sample. This is a reflection that the Delegated Monitoring function does not statistically influence firm growth. This can be attributed to inefficient corporate governance mechanism. The other variables show a statistically significant impact which reflects that firms utilizing these functions has been positively benefitted. The results reflect that firms with higher level of financial inclusion i.e. access to financial services have a positive influence on firm growth. In the second tier, the firms were grouped into 15 industries and industry wise panel data analysis is conducted to study the impact of financial intermediation functions on growth across the different industries. A fixed effect is found across the industries which show that the impact of financial intermediation functions is different for each industry. According to the Fixed Effect Model in industry wise panel, the proxies for the variable of Transaction Cost, Delegated Monitoring and Information Sharing Coalitions are found to have a significant impact on industry level growth. Further, each industry is then taken as a reference industry and the impact of financial intermediation is observed in each industry being similar or different from other industries. The industry wise panel data is done for exploring the moderating effect of the industry-variable interactive term to see whether a particular function moderates the impact of financial intermediation functions in a specific industry or not. All the functions are examined with relevance to the reference industry to empirically test the moderating impact of financial intermediation in each industry. The results report that several proxies of the financial intermediation functions moderate the impact on growth in different industries. In the third tier, macroeconomic data is examined to appraise the influence of financial intermediation on macro level economic growth. In Pakistan, the results reflect that there exists significant co-integration between financial intermediation and economic growth. However, there is no difference in the impact of financial liberalization on economic growth before and after the financial liberalization. The evidence concludes that the linkage between financial intermediation and economic growth is present as a significant interaction in the emerging economy of Pakistan.