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رشید آفرین کی شاعری کا فکری و فنی مطالعہ

Thesis Info

Author

شہباز انجم

Supervisor

ظفر حسین ظفر

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2014

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

262 ص

Subject

Biography

Language

Urdu

Other

Call No: 928.91439 ش ہ ر; Publisher: علامہ اقبال اوپن یونیورسٹی،

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676714742875

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رضاعت

رضاعت
ابتداء میں چار روز اور بعض روایات میں سات روز آتا ہے کہ آپ ﷺکی والدہ سیدہ آمنہؓ نے آپ ﷺکو سب سے پہلے دودھ پلایا بعد ازاں ابو لہب کی لونڈی ثویبہ نے دودھ پلایا وہ اس طرح کہ ثویبہ نے ابو لہب کو آنحضرت ﷺ کی ولادت کی خوشخبری سنائی اور یہ بھی کہا کہ مرحوم بھائی عبداللہ کے گھر خدا نے فرزند ارجمند عطا فرمایا ہے اس خوشی میں ابو لہب نے اسے آزاد کر دیا ۔ایک روایت میں ہے کہ آٹھ دن آپ ﷺ اپنی والدہ ماجدہ کے پاس رہے ، اس دوران دو تین دن ثویبہ اور چار پانچ دن آپ ﷺ کی والدہ نے دودھ پلایا ۔
عربوں میں یہ رسم چلی آتی تھی کہ اپنے نومولود بچوں کو آٹھویں روز ایک صحرائی عورت کے سپرد کر دیا جاتا تھا جو اسے دودھ پلاتی ‘ہر طرح سے خیال رکھتی اور نہایت اچھے طریقے سے پرورش کا فرض انجام دیتی تھی ۔ صحرائی ماں کے آغوش میں دے دینے کی کئی اسباب ہیں چند ایک یہ ہیں ۔ (۱) عربوں کو اور خصوصی طور پر قریش کو اپنی زبان سے والہانہ محبت تھی وہ شخص قوم کا سردار نہیں مانا جا سکتا تھا جو فصیح نہ ہوتا ۔ اس فصاحت کی غرض سے صحرائی ماحول نہایت احسن تھا کیونکہ شہر کی زبان میں کئی زبانوں کے الفاظ کی آمیزش ہو جاتی ہے ۔ مکہ شہر کا بھی یہی حال تھا کہ دور دراز سے لوگ یہاں خانہ کعبہ کی زیارت کو آتے جاتے تھے ۔ کئی روز یہاں قیام کرتے اسی طرح کچھ لوگ تجارتی مقاصد کے لیے آتے تھے اور یہاں کے لوگوں سے بات چیت ہوتی تھی جس سے شہری زبان خالص نہ تھی بلکہ مخلوط عربی زبان تھی ۔ اس سبب سے قریش نے کچھ دیہاتی قبائل...

Knowledge, Attitude and Practices towards Menstrual Hygiene among Government and Private School Girls KAP towards menstrual hygiene in school girls

Menstruation is a normal physiological process unique to females. Pre-menarche is characterized by physiological, cognitive, and psychological transitions which may be initiated from the midst of their second decade. The onset of puberty/ menstruation in girls tends to change their role in society. Overall inadequate awareness levels accompanied by socio-cultural taboos and prevailing myths and misconceptions about menarche and menstruation have played havoc on human society. Objective: To diagnose and compare the prevailing level ofknowledge, attitude, and practices of adolescent girls studying in government and private schoolstowards menstrual hygiene and management. Methods: This Analytical and cross-sectional study was conducted at Government Jouhar Girls High School and Shiblee Grammar School System, Gulberg Branch (private) Faisalabad. A self-administered survey-based questionnaire was developed. Prior formal written approval from school authorities was followed by the pre-planned scheduled visits, explaining the purpose of the study, assuring confidentiality of acquired information, and self-administration of survey-based questionnaires. Results: The results indicated that the mean age at menarches of the girls was 13.69±0.95 years. A relatively more percentage of government (59.6%) school respondents followed by private school respondents (57.1%) had satisfactory knowledge about their age of first menarche (p = 0.806). Motivated by the socio-cultural taboos and /or fear or shame a majority of government (59.6%) and private school respondents (57.1%) had satisfactory knowledge about their age of first menarche (p = 0.806). A strong prevalence of Urinary Tract Infection (UTI) was found in private school girls 87(49.2%) and 21(11.9%), followed by respective percentages of 78(43.8%), 16(9.0%) amongst the government school respondents who recorded their responses as agreed and strongly agreed about the development of reproductive tract infection in the post-menstruation period. As far as the adoption of hygienic practices is concerned a relatively high percentage of government school 28(15.7%) followed by private school 14(7.9%) girls strongly disagreed about changing their absorbent material on daily basis. The development of skin abrasions like rashes, itching, and urinary tract infection was found in a relatively high proportion amongst the government school girls 30(16.9%) followed by private school respondents 18(10.2%) in the post-menstruation period. A most common and alarming unhygienic practice prevalent amongst the government and private school girls was the reuse of absorbent cloth,   who responded as agreed and strongly agreed in respective terms as 43(24.2%),   22(12.4%), and 69(39%) and 28(15.8%).  Conclusions: The study concluded that the persistent myths, misconceptions, socio-cultural taboos, and unhygienic practices i.e. Use of old clothes as absorbent, reuse of absorbent material, and delaying tendency of changing absorbent,   amongst the adolescent school girls of government and private institutes which may pose direct adverse health and life quality concerns for the female Pakistani community. The current situation calls for active participatory contributions from education communities to initiate various communication and awareness campaigns regarding pre-menarche knowledge and menstruation management which may aid to strengthen and transform their role as a significant representative of society. 

Synthesis and Characterization of Biopolymer/Ha Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications

The idea of starting this research project was to elucidate the development procedure of a novel biocompatible nano composite that is directly linked to the properties of natural bone in terms of its composition, morphology, mechanical properties and biocompatibility. These nanocomposites are composed of hydroxyapatite (HA) and whitlockite (WH) nanoparticles embedded in polymeric matrix and hydrogels.The fabrication procedures used are of common use including pre-treatment of nanoparticles and embedding into biopolymers such as Cyclic olefenic copolymer and CollagenPEGDMA hybrid matrix where effect of different loading ratios of HA nanoparticles and WH nanoparticles was investigated.Nano powders of HA were chemically synthesized under various processing conditions using surfactants with different charges and chain lengths such as CTAB (cationic) and SDS (anionic) surfactants were used in the synthesis procedures for regulating the nucleation and growth of the hydroxyapatite phase. The synthesis methods, mainly based on aqueous systems were used which are simple and can offer accurate control on the nano powders of various size and morphologies. The effect of different weight ratios ofHA nanoparticles and WH was evaluated after successful fabrication of nanocomposites by dispersing these nanoparticles in polymeric matrices. TOPAS/HA, TOPAS/WH and Collagen-PEGDMA/HA nanocomposites were successfully prepared and further characterized. Solution casting procedure was used to construct these nano composites. Effect of various weight ratios was investigated on physical, chemical and mechanical properties of the nano composites. These nano composites were characterized through Scanning Electron Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, Compression testing, Biocompatibility testing including cell culture of bone/cartilage cell lines, antibacterial test, biodegradability, and swelling characteristics. The morphology of nanocomposites has been investigated using Scanning electron microscopy and Atomic force microscopy. Compression testingwas performed on all type of nanocomposites to evaluate and optimize the mechanical strength. Cell culture wasperformedto evaluate thebiocompatibility ofthese nanocomposites onbone cell lines in case of TOPAS/HA and TOPAS/WH while cartilage cell lines were used in the case of COl-PGD/HA nanocomposites. Swelling and degradation characteristics were also evaluated. It was revealed from this study thet the compressive strengths of nano compositescan be enhancedwith the addition of nanoparticlesand optimized to make values comparable with the compressive strength of natural bone and cartilage tissues. In case of TOPAS/HA the increased values are185 % from 0.26 to 0.74 MPa at the concentration of 10 wt%.Whearas in case of PGD-16/HA, up to 10 wt%, strength is enhanced ~ 90 % from 9 to 17.3 kPa.In case of TOPAS/WH increase of 0.2MPa to 1.7MPa in strength at lower concentration of WH upto 10wt%has been experimented. The biocompatibility data of cell viability on the whole, is above 90% in all nanocomposites and the values are even higher than95%.In TOPAS/HA (10 wt%) exhibits the highest trend for cell viability of 99.9 ± , while in case of PGD-16/HA (10 wt%) the cell viability of hybrid composites is 100 % as comparedto the TCP control group while the cell viability values are around 95-100% in case of TOPAS/WH (10wt%). These results make these nanocomposites suitable for biomedical applications.