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Home > سامی ادیان میں رفاہِ عامہ کاتصور: تحقیقی وتجزیاتی مطالعہ

سامی ادیان میں رفاہِ عامہ کاتصور: تحقیقی وتجزیاتی مطالعہ

Thesis Info

Author

اسد جاوید

Department

Department of Islamic Thought and Civilization

Program

Mphil

Institute

University of Management and Technology

Institute Type

Private

City

Lahore

Province

Punjab

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2020

Thesis Completion Status

Under Process

Subject

Comparative Religion

Language

Urdu

Keywords

ادیانِ ثلاثہ،ادیانِ ثلاثہ اسلام ، عیسائیت اور یہودیت
The Three Religions (Islam, Christianity and Judaism)

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676709115506

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ماحصل

ماحصل

                بیسویں صدی کے پہلے عشرے میں ہی عالمگیر تبدیلیوں کے زیر اثر اردو زبان و ادب میں شعری شعور ایک منفرد اور نئے رجحان میں داخل ہو چکا تھا۔ جس کے دھندلے خطوط ۶۰ کی دہائی میں واضح نقوش اختیار کر کے ایک عام آدمی کے لئے بھی جیتی جاگتی تصویر دکھائی دینے لگے۔ زندگی میں تبدیلی کا راست اثر ادب پر بھی پڑتا ہے جو نمائندہ شخصیات کی تخلیقی جدوجہد کا نتیجہ ہوتی ہیں۔ یہ تبدیلی کا عمل بڑی شخصیات کے قلب میں جنم لیتا ہے جو اپنے الفاظ کی اثر آفریبی سے مروجہ سوچ پر غالب آجاتا ہے۔ بڑی شخصیات کو زمان و مکان کی حدود و قیود میں مقید کرنا محال ہو جاتا ہے۔ ایسی شخصیات کی تخلیقی جدوجہد کی پیمائش گھڑیوں ، مہینوں اور سالوں کے معیارات سے ممکن نہیں ہوتی۔ ایسی ہی ایک قد آور اور پر اثر شخصیت مراتب اختر کے نام سے ساٹھ اور ستر کی دہائی میں اردو ادب کے شعری افق پر نمودار ہوئی اور اپنے جذبوں کی ہمہ رنگ قوس قزح کی روشنیاں بکھیر گئی۔ اس منفرد شاعر کی منفرد شاعری کا مقام و مرتبہ تو آئندہ تاریخی تناظر میں ہی ہو گا جس کو طے کرنا نقاد حضرات کا ہی کام ہے۔ لیکن اپنی تمام تر بے بصاعتی کے باوجود بڑے لوگوں کی آرا کو پیش کرنے کی سعادت اور ان کی شاعری کی عظمت کے تصویری خاکے اب بھی پیش کئے جا سکتے ہیں اور اس تصویر میں رنگ بھرنے کے لیے کسی بھی ناقد کو وسیع مطالعے کے ساتھ ساتھ طویل ذہنی سفر بھی کرنا پڑے گا تاکہ تصویر اپنے متعینہ چوکھٹے میں سج سکے۔ اس کی کچھ جھلک اور پرچھائیاں ان کے ہمسفر شعرا کی زبان ترجمان سے عیاں تو ہوتی ہیں مگر بشری محدودیتوں، باہمی عصبیتوں...

Pedagogical Innovation in Universities' Teaching

Pedagogical innovation is critical in the twenty-first century, and each university, classroom or educational institution must take this point as an ultimate goal of their educational system. Professors are responsible for preparing students to tackle new challenges, which is why innovative teaching methods have become important for keeping spirit up. This paper sheds light on pedagogical innovation at universities and give a review of its many forms, features, methodologies, and significance in the twenty-first century. It has been found that the types of pedagogical innovation are classified socially and technically. Moreover, the paper asserts that the innovative teaching methods do not consider all students at the same comprehension level according to their different abilities and skills.

Purification and Characterization of Laccase from Some Wood Rotting Fungi

Laccase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes lignin ending towards production of glucose. It has many applications in pharmaceutical, paper and pulp industry, food industry and textile industry. These diverse requirements act as a license for the evolution of practicable biotechnological applications for the large scale production of laccase enzyme to cover up the local industrial demands. This target can be accomplished through assortment, adaptation and utilization of home grown biological sources. In present study, Pleurotus ostreatus (jacq.) P. Kumm., Ganoderma lucidum (Curtis) P. Karst., Ganoderma ahmadii Steyaert, Ganoderma applanatum Conk., Ganoderma australe (Fr.) Pat, Ganoderma colossus (Fr.) C. F. Baker, Ganoderma flexipes Pat., Ganoderma resinaceum Bourd., Ganoderma tornatum (Persoon) Bresadola, Coriolus hirsutus (Wulfen) Pilat, Coriolus proteus (Berk.) Dutta Roy, Coriolus pubescens (Trametes pubescens (Schum: Fr.) Pil), Coriolus tephroleucus (Trametes tephroleuca Berk.), Coriolus versicolor (Fr. ex Fr.) Quel, Trametes insularis Murr., Coriolus zonatus (Nees) Quél, Fomes fomentarius (L. ex. Fr.) Fr., Fomes scruposus (Fr.) G. H. Cunn., Fomitopsis semitostus (Berk.) Ryv., Fomes lividus (Kalchbr.) Sacc., Fomes linteus (Berk. and Curt.), Phellinus allardii (Bres.) Ahmad, Phellinus badius (Berk. Cke.) Cunn., Phellinus callimorphus (Leveille) Ryvarden, Phellinus caryophylli (Racib.) G. Cunn., Phellinus pini (Thore: Fr.) Ames, Phellinus torulosus (Pers.) Boud. Galz., Poria ravenalae (Berk. and Br.) Cooke, Poria versipora (Pers.) Rom., Poria paradoxa (Schizopora paradoxa (Schrad.:Fr.) Donk,), Poria latemarginata (Durieu & Mont.) Cooke, Heterobasidion insulare (Murrill) Ryvarden sensu lato, Schizophyllum commune (Fr.), Schizophyllum radiatum (Sw.) Fr. Daldinia sp. (Ces.)De not., Xylaria sp. (Pres.) Grev., were collected, isolated, identified and then screened qualitatively for their laccase activity. After qualitative screening, potential strains were screened quantitatively for laccase activity on effluents of different plant based industries. Growth and nutritional conditions were optimized for the best producer to enhance the laccase activity. Scale up studies were carried out on optimized conditions for production of enzyme followed by purification and characterization of enzyme. The stepwise findings are: · Qualitative assay analysis revealed that the all test fungi possess good ability for synthesis of laccase enzyme at pH 5.5 on MEA media alongwith ABTS. · Quantitative bioassays on ME broth showed that selected fungi i.e., P. ostreatus 008, P. ostreatus 016, G. lucidum 101, G. lucidum 102 and G. lucidum 104 showed high potential towards production of laccase enzyme, so selected for further trials. · The selected wood rotting fungi were tested for their laccase potential on different industrial effluents i.e., oil and ghee mill effluent, paper and pulp mill effluent, sugar mill effluent and textile mill effluent and G. lucidum 101 gave best enzyme units (24.34 U mL-1). · Growth and nutritional conditions were optimized with paper and pulp mill effluent for enhanced production of laccase by G. lucidum 101. The optimized parameters were: incubation temperature; 30 ᴼC, incubation period; 16 days, initial pH; 5, inoculum’s size; 15 disks (5mm diameter), Cellulose (as carbon source); 3.5%, urea (as nitrogen source); 4 mg mL-1, 300 mM copper Sulfate and ethanol 3% with the synthesis of 51.45 U mL-1 of laccase. · After optimization of growth and nutrition conditions on shake flask, scale up studies were carried out for 10 liter of sterilized effluent in bioreactor of 50 liter capacity on same growth and nutritional conditions as optimized for shake flask. The laccase activity was 7800 U 10L-1. · The enzyme was isolated and purified through 80% ammonium sulfate precipitation, followed by DEAE-cellulose and then Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. The protein purity was 5.23 folds with molecular weight of 78 ± 2 KDa. · Kinetic evaluation of enzyme revealed maximum laccase activity was achieved at pH 5 with 100% stability till 120 minutes. Thermal stability was 100% at 60 ᴼC at the exposure time of 60 minutes. The values of MichealisMenton constant Km and Vmax were 0.3 mM and 80 mM/min with ABTS substrate. HgCl2, Pb(No3)2, sodium azide and mercaptethanol inhibited the laccase activity fully or partially whereas CuSO4 and MnSo4 acted as enzyme activator. All the findings were discussed depending upon the fact that fungi are potential source of enzymes and the industrial effluents may act as cheaper substrate for the production of these enzymes at industrial level. This effort concluded that indigenous fungi have potential for the production of laccase enzyme and after optimizing growth and nutritional conditions large scale production of the enzyme can be carried out.