ذکر مالک رام
اردو کے مشہور عالم و فاضل، نامور محقق و مصنف اور غالب و ابوالکلام کے عارف و شیدائی جناب مالک رام کی وفات پر پوری اردو دنیا سوگوار اور اشکبار ہے، ان سے راقم کے جو گہرے اور مخلصانہ تعلقات تھے اس کی بنا پر اس کے لیے بھی ان کی جدائی بہت شاق ہے۔
وہ پھالیہ ضلع گجرات میں جواب مغربی پنجاب (پاکستان) کا حصہ ہے، ۲۲؍ دسمبر ۱۹۰۶ء کو بویجہ کھتریوں کے ایک خاندان میں پیدا ہوئے ، ان کے والد لالہ نہال چند فوج کے محکمہ سپلائی میں ملازم تھے، لیکن مالک رام ابھی بارہ دن ہی کے تھے کہ والد کے سایہ شفقت سے محروم ہوگئے، والدہ نے پرورش و پرداخت کی، چار برس کی عمر سے تعلیمی سلسلہ شروع ہوا جو ایم۔ اے اور ایل ایل بی کرنے کے بعد ۱۹۳۳ء میں منقطع ہوا، اس سے قبل ۱۹۳۱ء میں ان کی شادی ہوگئی تھی۔
مضمون نگاری اور رسالوں کے مطالعہ کا چسکہ بچپن سے تھا، ابتدا میں شعر و شاعری سے بھی کچھ دلچسپی رہی، ان کا پہلا باقاعدہ مضمون نیرنگ خیال لاہور میں چھپا، یہ ٹیگور کی گیتا نجلی کے بعض ٹکڑوں کا ترجمہ تھا، اس کے بعد ۱۹۲۶ء کے نگار میں ’’ذوق اور غالب‘‘ کے عنوان سے ان کا مضمون شایع ہوا جس میں آگے چل کر ماہر غالبیات ہونے والے نے غالبؔ پر ذوقؔ کو ترجیح دی تھی، لوہر میں قیام کی بنا پر نیرنگ خیال کے مدیر حکیم محمد یوسف حسین سے مالک رام کے تعلقات ہوگئے تھے، ۱۹۳۰ء میں ان کی خواہش پر ساٹھ روپے ماہوار پر نیرنگ خیال کی مجلس ادارت میں شامل ہوگئے، پھر لاہور ہی سے شائع ہونے والے ’’آریہ گزٹ‘‘ سے متعلق ہوئے، اس سے علیحدگی کے بعد ۱۹۳۶ء میں روزنامہ ’’بھارت ماتا‘‘ سے منسلک ہوئے، یہ...
Objectives: 1. To determine the impact of duration of exposure to industrial chemical fumes on Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR) and blood pressure of the industrial workers. 2. To find out the association between changes in blood pressure and PEFR due to exposure to industrial chemical fumes in these subjects. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed at Aziz Fatimah Medical and Dental College, Faisalabad. The study participants were 151 males working in the chemical industries. The study was approved by institutional ethical committee and informed consent was taken from the participants. Free camp was arranged for three days in September 2020 in the industrial area of Faisalabad. Thorough history of exposure to chemicals was taken using structured proforma. PEFR values were recorded using Wrights handheld peak flow meter. Blood pressure was taken by auscultatory method using mercury sphygmomanometer. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Results: Systolic and diastolic blood pressures were significantly raised with increase in duration of exposure. PEFR levels were significantly declined with increase in duration of exposure to chemicals. Significant negative association was noted between diastolic blood pressure and PEFR (p value = 0.003). Negative correlation was observed between PEFR and systolic Blood pressure, however it was not statistically significant (p value = 0.92). Conclusions: PEFR decreased while Systolic and diastolic blood pressures increased significantly with increase in the duration of exposure to chemicals. There was a significant negative correlation between PEFR and diastolic blood pressure while there was no association between PEFR and systolic blood pressure.
In the present era characterized by uncertain market conditions, mounting competition, spiraling diversity and mobility of workers, and increasing customer power, organizations should strive for achieving a lasting competitive advantage. It is believed that unless organizations focus on creativity and innovation, they cannot compete effectively and earn economic returns. The dynamic organizations like advertising agencies are especially required to be creative and innovative in order to lead, grow and compete. These organizations have mostly implemented bureaucratic control practices, such as formalization and centralization, to regulate and control the behaviors of workers. Prior research indicates that these bureaucratic practices stifle creativity and innovation. The paradox between bureaucracy, creativity and innovation has created a challenging situation for the managers in advertising agencies. The main objective of the study was to empirically investigate the impact of organizational bureaucracy on employee creativity and organizational innovation in the advertising agencies of Pakistan. Data for this study was collected through surveys distributed to a sample of 455 employees from the advertising agencies of Pakistan. Various techniques were applied to statistically analyze the data and test the hypotheses. Findings from statistical analyses indicate that organizational bureaucracy and its components, formalization and centralization; have a negative impact on employee creativity and organizational innovation. Also, creativity has a positive impact on innovation. Besides, the results of the indirect hypotheses support the postulation that creativity mediates the relationship between bureaucracy and organizational innovation in the context of advertising agencies of Pakistan. The study not only makes important theoretical contributions, but also presents valuable insights to the managers of the advertising agencies of Pakistan. Findings strengthen the nature of control-creativity paradox indicating that excessive bureaucratic control in organizations leads to reduced creativity and innovation. In addition, findings suggest that managers and policy makers should take into account the flexibility in administrative controls to encourage creativity and innovation in order to gain a competitive edge in the turbulent environment. Keywords: bureaucracy, formalization, centralization, employee creativity, organizational innovation, process innovation, product innovation, managerial innovation, advertising agencies