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Development of Computer Based Tutorial and its Effects on Achievement Grades of Students

Thesis Info

Author

Nasrullah

Supervisor

Nabi Bux Jumani

Institute

Allama Iqbal Open University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2011

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

xiv, 92.

Subject

Education

Language

English

Other

Call No: 371.35 NAD; Publisher: Aiou

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-01-06 19:20:37

ARI ID

1676709902837

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3 ۔حدِ سرقہ

3 ۔حدِ سرقہ
لغوی مفہوم
سرقہ سے مرادکسی چیز کو خفیہ طریقے سے لینا ،جیسا کہ ابن فارس سرقہ کے بارے میں لکھتے ہیں
السين والراء والقاف أصلٌ يدلُّ على أخْذ شيء في خفاء وسِتر. يقال سَرَقَ يَسْرق سَرِقَةً. والمسروق سَرَقٌ. واستَرَقَ السَّمع، إذا تسمَّع مختفياً. ومما شذَّ عن هذا الباب السَّرَق: جمعَ سَرَقة، وهي القطعة من الحرير۔105
مادہ " سَرَقَ " ہے اس کا معنی ہے کسی چیز کو خفیہ طریقے سے لینا جیسے کہا جاتا ہے سَرَقَ يَسْرق سَرِقَةً. والمسروق سَرَقٌ اور واستَرَقَ السَّمع کا معنی ہے کسی بات کو چھپ کر سننا اور اس کی جمع سرقہ ہے اور یہ ریشم کے ٹکڑے کو بھی کہتے ہیں۔
سرقہ مال چوری کرنے کو کہتے ہیں ابن منظور افریقی کے بقول
قالوا سَرَقَهُ مالاً وفي المثل سُرِقَ السارقُ فانتحَر والسَّرَق مصدر فعل السارق تقول بَرِئْتُ إليك من الإباق والسَّرَق في بيع العبد ورجل سارِق من قوم سَرَقةٍ ۔ 106
"کہتے ہیں کہ اس کا مال چوری کیا اور ضرب المثل ہے چور کا پیچھا کیا گیا وہ بھاگ گیا السرق سارق کا مصدر ہے جیسے تو غلام کو بیچنے میں کہے کہ میں اس کے بھاگنے اور چوری کرنے میں بری ہوں اور رجل سارق چور قوم کے کسی فرد کو کہتے ہیں ۔ "
اصطلاحی مفہوم
امام راغب اصفہانی کے نزدیک سرقہ کی اصطلاحی تعریف یہ ہے
"السرقۃاخذ ما لیس لہاخذہفی خفاءِ وصار فی ذلک فی الشرع لتناول الشی ء من موضع مخصوص وقدرمخصوص۔" 107
"کسی چیز کو دوسرے سے خفیہ طور پر اور چھپا کر لے لینا اور اس کے بارے میں کہا جاتا ہے کسی چیز کو محفوظ جگہ سے مخصوص مقدار میں خفیہ طور پر لینا۔ "
چوری کی حرمت
اسلامی تعلیمات میں جس طرح ایک انسانی جان قیمتی سمجھی جاتی ہے ، اسی طرح اس کا مال...

علاقة الذات بالصفات الإلهية في فكر محيى الدين بن عربي

The Oneness of Allah is the most important belief in the Islamic faith. Allah SWT is one in His Self, His attributes, and His acts. His self is neither composite nor divisible in any way. The effort to understand how the unity and uniqueness of God is compatible with the diversity of His attributes produced many explanations and doctrines throughout the Islamic History. The most famous doctrine is the Asha’riah position, that the attributes neither identical to the self of Allah nor different from it. The Mutazilah deny the divine qualities in order to maintain the unity of God. This article attempts to explain the position taken on this question by Muhyiddin Ibn Arabi – one of the most famous Sufi scholars. He tried to resolve the problem in his own way, based on his conception of “nisab”.

Molecular Genetic Study of Neurodegenerative Movement Disorders in Pakistani Population

Neurodegenerative movement disorders (NDMDs) is a heterogeneous group of neurological diseases which are caused by selective loss or death of neurons and distinct involvement of functional systems defining movement disability. Proteins with altered physicochemical properties are deposited in the human brain in NDMDs. Not only neurons but glial cells also accumulate these proteins. Intra or extra-cellular Accumulation of structurally deformed and physiologically impotent protein result in the death of neurons as well as glial cells. Neurons are the functional building blocks of the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord. Mature neurons are post-mitotic and therefore incapable of self-renewal. Morphologically a typical neuron has cell body and processes (Axons and dendrites) which mediate synaptic communication. Glial cells have complex processes extending from their cell bodies; they are generally smaller than neurons. They lack axons and dendrites, do not participate directly in synaptic interactions and electrical signaling, although their supportive functions help define synaptic contacts and maintain the signaling abilities of neurons. NDMDs are incurable and debilitating conditions that result in progressive degeneration and or death of neurons and associated cells. Parkinson‘s disease (PD) is the most common NDMD. Pathologically PD is a complex disease of the mid brain, primarily affecting the substantia nigra (SN) which is densely populated with dopaminergic neurons. The death of SN neurons results in loss of smooth and coordinated skeletal muscle movement. Parkinson‘s disease is generally considered complex and multifactorial disease. Rarely PD runs as a Mendelian trait in families. The familial form of PD is considered to be monogenic. Diverse genetic strategies have been employed to understand genetic risk factors and causes in sporadic and familial forms of PD. Since the genetics of sporadic and familial forms of PD and other NDMDs has not previously been investigated in Pakistan, the objective of this study was to elucidate the role of common genetic risks such as variants in the SNCA, LRRK2, DJ1, CYP2D6 genes in sporadic PD in the Pakistani population and to identify genetic causes of familial PD and other NDMDs in Pakistan. In summary a case-control study, was done and total of 374 subjects including 174 clinically diagnosed PD patients and 200 ethnically matched healthy controls to find Abstract Molecular Genetic Study of Neurodegenerative Movement Disorder in Pakistani Population Page xiv the possible genetic associations and risk factors for Parkinson‘s disease in this population sample. Allele specific PCR and PCR-RFLP was used for screening of previously reported pathogenic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in SNCA, LRRK2, DJ1 and CYP2D6 genes. Randomly 20% samples were selected for bidirectional Sanger sequencing to confirm the results. No association was observed for commonly reported variants e.g., rs104893875 (G>A), rs104893877 (G>A), rs104893878(C>G) in the SNCA, rs34805604 (A>G), rs33939927(C>G/T), rs35870237 (T>C), rs34637584 (G>A), rs34778348 (G>A), in the LRRK2 and rs74315354 (G>A) in the DJ1. A strong association was observed in case of rs3892097 (G>A) in the CYP2D6. An increase in the risk of Parkinson by two fold (OR: 2.9; 95% CI 1.5 to 5.50, p = 0.02) was calculated for carriers of rs3892097 (G>A) risk allele (A-allele). Whole genome sequencing and segregation analysis was carried out for three PD families (A, B and C) an atypical Parkinsonian family (D), a Wilson‘s disease family (E) and one family with rare movement disease with periventricular white matter neurodegenerative changes (F). Family (A) with autosomal dominant PD co-segregated with GBA (exon9:c.T1301C:p.434L>P) and PSAP (exon5:c.A470G:p.157N>S) a novel coinheritance of the two genes. Family (B) co-segregated with SEMA6A (exon10:c.G860C:p.287G>A) novel gene (mutation) in autosomal dominant Parkinson‘s disease. Family (C) co-segregated with AAK1 (exon17:c.C2312G p.771P>R) novel gene (mutation) in autosomal recessive Parkinson‘s disease. One family with atypical Parkinson‘s disease Family (D) co-segregated with CSF1R (c.1237G>Ap.G413S) a novel mutation with reported gene for leukodystrophy and atypical Parkinson‘s disease. An autosomal recessive family (E) with Parkinson‘s like symptoms revealed recurrent mutation ATP7B (c.2930C>T p.T977M) for Wilson‘s disease. One family (F) with autosomal recessive movement disorder co-segregated with GPR56 g.57654049 G>C splice site mutation and PCLO exon3:c.G2473A:p.A825T. Minigene assay exclude the splice site mutation in the GPR56 g.57654049 G>C. Thus a novel mutation in PCLO (exon3:c.G2473A:p.A825T) co-segregated in this family.