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In Silico Exploration of Druggable Genome of Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus Faecium for the Identification of Therapeutic Drugs

Thesis Info

Author

Sabah Hassan Syed

Supervisor

Syed Sikander Azam

Department

National Center for Bioinformatics, QAU

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2015

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

vi,70

Subject

Bioinformatics

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS / M.PHIL / BIO/ 4033

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676718172861

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تمثیل نگاری اور ن۔م۔راشد

قول ِمحال:(Paradox)
"ایسا تضادی بیان جو مسلمہ تصور کے برعکس ہو، پیراڈاکس کہلاتا ہے۔"
لیکن قولِ محال محض تضاد نہیں بلکہ قولِ محال جہاں شروع ہوا ہے، وہاں تضاد ختم ہونے لگتا ہے۔ تضاد تو ایک عمومی حقیقت ہے جس کے فنی بیان میں دلکشی تو ہے، صنعت کاری کا جمالِ فریب نہیں۔ اسے اتحادِ ضدین بھی کہہ سکتے ہیں۔
"پیراڈاکس’’ انیسویں صدی کی جدید صنعتِ بیان ہے جو ایک نوع کی ذہنی ورزش ہے۔نثر و نظم میں قولِ محال پیدا کرنا اور اس سے حِظ یاب ہونا، ترقی یافتہ ذہن کا کام ہے۔یہ انگریزی ادب سے ہمارے ہاں آیا۔انگریزی ادب میں آسکر وائلڈ، چسٹرٹن اور برنارڈ شا اس کے نقیب ہیں۔اردو شاعری میں قولِ محال کی مثالیں دیکھیے:
ہم نے جس شخص کو توقیرِ شناسائی دی
اس نے خوش ہوکے ہمیں عزتِ رسوائی دی
(دوسرے مصرعہ میں قولِ محال "عزتِ رسوائی"ہے)
جہلِ خرد نے دن یہ دکھائے!
گھٹ گئے انساں، بڑھ گئے سائے
(پہلے مصرعہ میں قولِ محال "جہلِ خرد’’ ہے)
(پروفیسر انور جمال کی تصنیف "ادبی اصطلاحات’’ مطبوعہ نیشنل بْک فاؤنڈیشن، اشاعتِ چہارم، مارچ 2017ئ￿ ، صفحہ نمبر 144 سے انتخاب)
ابہام:(Ambiguity)
ابہام ایک انگریزی اصطلاح ہے جسے اردو ادب میں بھی استعمال کیا جاتا ہے۔ابہام کی صورت حال اس وقت رونما ہوتی ہے جب کسی لفظ، محاورے، جملے، اشارے وغیرہ کی ایسی ترسیل کی جائے کہ اس سے ایک کی بجائے کئی معانی اور مطالب ممکن ہوں۔ ابہام کا ایک عام پہلو عدم تعین ہے۔ یہ ہر خیال یا بیان کا خاصہ ہے جس کے ارادی معانی قطعی طور کسی اصول یا طریق? کار کی روشنی میں سلجھائے نہیں جا سکتے جس میں مقررہ اقدامات شامل ہوں۔
ابہام کی مثالیں:
کئی الفاظ جن کا عام طور سے استعمال کیا جاتا ہے، مختلف لوگوں کے لیے مختلف معانی کے حامل ہوتے ہیں۔ مثلًا لمبا یا...

قواعد الترجيح المتعلقة بالنص القرآني: دراسة وصفية تطبيقية

After reading the whole books and find out the interpretation, there were various sayings, the meanings and interpretations of the verses of Quran. The reader does not have the capability to select correct and incorrect. He does not know what to do about the various interpretations. At first the people of Mecca knew the status of Revelation; they do not need to explain that revelation, because it was their native language while the Prophet (S.A.W) explains it in detail. After the earlier periods, it was necessary to adapt some rules to know the correct sayings, that rules were already include the Quran itself, in the Sunnah, in the Quranic Sciences, in the books of fundamentals of Jurisprudence, and in the books of Quranic  Sciences. Later on, however, wrote the books as contemporary independent science as such as book of Husain Al Ḥarbī  named (قواعد الترجيح عند المفسرين) and book written by Khalid Al Sabbath named (قواعد التفسير جمعاً ودراسةً). These rules of preference are most important as with the help of these rules, the books of interpretation can be clarified from incorrect sayings. These rules are various, including, related to Quranic text, Sunnah, the views of Companions, the evidence, or related to the linguistics of Arabs. The preference proves the strength of a saying or strengthens an aspect than others through rules of preference. One of the objectives of this research is that the rules of preference can distinguish between correct and incorrect interpretation. The researcher recommended attention to these rules of preference and to study it as a separate subject to get full benefit from the books of interpretation.

On the Fractional Initial-Boundary Value Problems

FractionalCalculus(FC)isthestudyofintegralsandderivativesofarbitraryorder, this subject is as old as integer order calculus and is supposed to be initiated from the question of L’Hôpital to Leibniz when the notion of nth order derivative was coinedfortwo n timesdifferentiablefunctions. FromlastfewdecadesFChasbeen consideredbymanyresearchersduetoitsapplicationsindiversefieldsofsciences, not to mention all some are in Physics, Chemistry, Viscoelasticity, Biology etc. Due to these applications the integral or differential operators of arbitrary order and equations involving these operators are considered by many researchers for mathematical investigations. We intend to consider some Fractional Differential Equations (FDEs) in this dissertation. Indeed, in one part of this dissertation we have considered diffusion equations with fractional derivative in time only. Let us mention that in many physical phenomena, the data obtained from field as well as lab experiments is not in agreement with the integer order Partial Differential Equations (PDEs). The phenomena is usually known as anomalous diffusion/transport. Among several techniques to explain these anomalies one is by considering fractional order operators instead of integer order operators in PDEs. It is important to mention that throughout this dissertation, we have considered the fractional derivatives defined in the sense of Riemann-Liouville, Caputo or Hilfer. The Hilfer fractional derivative is a generalization of the Riemann-Liouville and the Caputo fractional derivatives. The particular choices of the parameters involved in Hilfer fractional derivative give us Riemann-Liouville and Caputo fractional derivatives. We considered direct as well as inverse source problems for FDEs involving time fractionalderivativewithnonlocalboundaryconditions. Theeigenfunctionexpansion method has been used and the spectral problem obtained is non-self-adjoint. The problems considered have initial conditions as in case of integer order deriva x tivesasweconsideredfractionalderivativedefinedinthesenseofCaputo. Forthe case of Hilfer fractional derivative rather than taking a nonlocal initial condition in terms of fractional integral two local conditions are considered. Under certain regularity conditions on the given data, we obtained existence, uniqueness and stability results for the problems. For a space-time fractional diffusion equation with Dirichlet boundary conditions, some inverse problems are also discussed. The spectral problem is generalization of the regular Sturm-Liouville operator. Several properties of the eigenvalues and eigenfunctions of the fractional order Sturm-Liouville operator are used to prove the existence results for the solution of the inverse problems. Some special cases of the inverse problems in the case of space-time differential equations are discussed and results are deduced from the generalized results. In the last part of the dissertation a nonlinear system of fractional differential equations are considered. The results about existence of finite time blowing-up solutions is proved.