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Hall Effects on the Couette Flow of a Burgers Fluid

Thesis Info

Author

Sadiq Muhammad Adil

Department

Deptt. of Mathematics, QAU.

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2006

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

64

Subject

Mathematics

Language

English

Other

Call No: DISS/M.Phil MAT/526

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676718256305

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کوزہ گر ۔۔۔اور شہر ِ اوہام

کوزہ گر ۔۔۔اور شہر ِ اوہام

عدنان ظفر

ریل کی پٹڑیوں کے پارمضافات میں گاؤں آبادتھا۔ ہر طرف ایک عجیب سی چیختی ہوئی خاموشی تھی۔ راستوں پہ ہر طرف کیچڑ، بارش کا پانی نہ جانے کب سےٹھہرا ہو ا تھا، اور اس  گدلے پانی کے کناروں پر جمی ہوئی  کائی  ماحول کو اور زیاہ ہولناک  بنا رہی تھی۔ چھوٹے چھوٹے مینڈک تیزی سے پھدکتے ادھر سے ادھر جاتے اور ٹروں ٹروں کا راگ آلاپتے اس بے جان خاموشی کو چڑہا رہےتھے۔فیروز ایک کوزہ گر تھا ، جو اسی بستی میں ایک  جھونپڑی  میں محض ٹھنڈی مٹی کے ڈھیر کے سوا کچھ بھی نہ تھا، اور اس نے  برسوں سے کوزے بنانے چھوڑ دیے تھے۔اس کی جھونپڑی میں اشیائے ضروریہ کی کمی اس حد تک تھی کہ جیسے  فالج زدہ  جسم میں حرکت کی کمی ہوتی ہے۔

پس ِ پردہ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔آٹوگراف

اہلِ شہادت ، اہل ِ محسنین  اور اہلِ جمال۔۔۔۔۔۔۔!

افسوس کہ کچھ باقی نا رہا ،          ۔۔۔۔۔۔۔۔سوائے آٹو گراف البم۔۔۔!

قحط الرجال ارزاں،

مردم شماری عروج پکڑ گئی، مردم شناسی ناپید۔

لوحِ ایام پہ سفرِ ِِنصیب لکھ دیا گیا ، مگر آوازِ دوست قحط الرجال کی مانند حرفِ شوق ٹھہری ۔آبِ گم کی تلاش کسی زرگذشت کے راہ کا نشان بن گئی اور شامِ شیرِ یاراں کےخیالو ں کا مدفن بنی۔لیکن آٹو گراف پانے کی خواہش ہنوذ جاویداں اور آٹو گراف البم ابھی خریدا ہی نہیں۔

اسے بچپن ہی سے مٹی سے لگاؤ تھا۔وہ گِل و لا سے ایسے مجہور کوزے بنانا چاہتا تھا ،جو نہ صرف حقیقت سے لبریز ہوں بلکہ ان میں انسانوں کی طرح کی وہ عادتیں بھی پائی جائیں جس...

Pedagogical Approach for Effective Teaching of English Language in Nigerian Secondary Schools

This paper examined the pedagogical approaches to the teacher  learning of English language in Nigerian secondary  schools. However, the paper identified the concepts and types of pedagogical approaches. The factors affecting pedagogical approach for effective teaching and learning of English language. It was therefore concluded that the most effective pedagogical approach for the teaching-learning process of English language is the use of child centredness approach, activity oriented prorgamme it was therefore recommended that teachers should be curriculum. It was noted that  effective use of pedagogical approach enhances effective teaching learning of English language especially in Nigerian secondary schools.

Molecular Characterization of Melon Leaf Curl Disease and Development of Control Strategies

Begomoviruses as well as potyviruses infect cucurbits in different parts of the world but are shown to be independent pathogens able to cause severe disease on their own. A devastating disease suspected to be of viral origin was found in traditional muskmelon growing-areas of Punjab in the districts of Sahiwal, Pakpatten and Vehari during 2003. Characteristic symptoms of the disease in Punjab province were mosaic and chlorotic spots, leaf distortion and deformation, vein thickening, enations on the upper side of the leaves, leaf yellowing and stunting of affected plants. Initial screening of diseased samples revealed the presence of a bipartite begomovirus and the potyvirus Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV). For comparison with Punjab, surveys were also conducted in Mardan district of North Western Frontier Province (NWFP) where plants showed leaf curling, mosaic and enations on the upper side of the leaf. Results showed that the disease found on muskmelon in Mardan district was caused by multiple infections of two viruses, ZYMV and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV, family: Cucumoviridae). Dual infection of a potyvirus and a bipartite begomovirus associated with a severe yellow leaf curl disease of muskmelon in Punjab was a novel phenomenon and was investigated in detail. Analysis of the complete nucleotide sequence of the DNA A and DNA B of the begomovirus showed it to be a new species that is closely related to Tomato leaf curl new Delhi virus (ToLCNDV), another bipartite begomovirus widely distributed across the Indian subcontinent. The intergenic region of DNA A showed a high level of nucleotide identity with DNA A of ToLCNDV and was infectious when inoculated with DNA B of ToLCNDV to Nicotiana benthamiana. The DNA B of this new species named as Muskmelon yellow leaf curl virus (MYLCV) shows unusual features such as an intergenic region that did not match with ToLCNDV or any other begomovirus but retained some of features required for trans-replication, including the hairpin structure with nonanucleotide sequence conserved in all geminiviruses, and the rep-binding domains identical to those found on ToLCNDV. The movement protein (MP) shows high level (87%) of identity to ToLCNDV but the nuclear shuttle protein gene was truncated. The DNA B of MYLCV was unable to move systemically when inoculated with DNA A of either viruses but was maintained when co-inoculated with DNA A and DNA B of ToLCNDV. Inoculation of ToLCNDV DNA A and DNA B on muskmelons resulted in localized cell death, shown previously in tobacco and tomato XIIIto be induced by the NSP. The expression of NSP under the control of the 35S promoter also caused cell death on muskmelons. To understand the possible role of ZYMV in the movement of MYLCV, the helper component protein (HC-Pro) of ZYMV was cloned in a PVX expression vector because HC-Pro of potyviruses is a multifunctional protein mainly involved in viral synergistic activities and movement. Inoculation of DNA A with PVX-HC-Pro resulted in severe leaf curling in N. benthamiana suggesting a synergistic interaction between potyvirus and MYLCV where the movement of DNA A of MYLCV was supported by HC-Pro of ZYMV. The data suggests that the defective DNA B of MYLCV is complemented by the potyvirus in cucurbits and that this dual infection results in the severe disease phenotype. The synergistic interaction between an RNA virus and a DNA virus suggests a novel mechanism to avoid host defense and complementation of movement by an unrelated viral protein. The strategy to engineer a broad based resistance against the disease complex was based on breaking the synergism between these viruses by targeting ZYMV using RNA interference (RNAi) technology. The novel RNAi approach targeted HC-Pro and coat protein (CP) genes of ZYMV with a single construct. Both tranient assays in wild type and transgenic N. benthamiana showed successful resistance and blocking of synergism between viruses. Application of the technology in melons may provide a durable solution to this important disease complex that is devastating melon crops in Pakistan.