ترجمہ کی اصطلاحات
ٹارگٹ لینگوئج:
وہ زبان جس میں ترجمہ کیا جارہا ہے۔
سورس لینگوئج:
اصل زبان جس سے متن لیا جارہاہے۔
مثال:
میاں محمدبخش کی سیف الملوک پنجابی میں ہے تو اس کی سورس لینگوئج پنجابی ہے اور اگر اسے اردو میں ترجمہ کرنا ہے تو ٹارگٹ لینگوئج اردو ہے۔
ٹرانسلیٹریشن:Transliteration
زبان وہی ہو اور رسم الخط دوسرا ہو۔
ٹرانس میوٹیشن Transmutation :
زبان کو کسی نظام کی شکل دینا۔ جیسے تحریری طور پر لکھا ہو کہ سگریٹ نوشی منع ہے تو اس کو تصویری نظام کے ذریعے سے ظاہر کرنا
ٹرانسکرپشن Transcription :
مخصوص اشاروں سے صوتی، معنوی اور لفظی جہت کو ظاہر کرنا
ترجمہ نگاری کے اصول:
• ترجمہ نگار کو ٹارگٹ لینگوئج اور سورس لینگوئج کے بارے میں آگاہی ہونی چاہیئے۔
• دونوں زبانوں کے تلفظ اور معانی سے آشنائی ہونی چاہیئے۔
• دونوں زبانوں کے رموز واوقاف کا پتہ ہونا چاہیئے۔
• دونوں زبانوں کی اصطلاحات سے واقفیت ضروری ہے۔
• دونوں زبانوں کے محاورات اور ضرب الامثال سے واقفیت رکھنا ضروری ہے۔
• اصل مفہوم پہنچانے کی کوشش کرنی چاہیئے۔
• سیاق و سباق اور مصنف کے مزاج کو سامنے رکھنا بہت ضروری ہے۔
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Maulānā Muḥammad Ismāʿīl al-Ūdwī al-Shikārpurī (1897-1970) was one of the very prominent scholarly personalities of Pakistan. His life and works are studied and analyzed in detail elsewhere. (See. IRJAH, Faculty of Arts, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Vol. 42, 2014 and Ma’arif Research Journal, Islamic Research Academy, Karachi, issue. 13, 2017). This paper mainly deals with al-Ūdwī’s theory of iʿjāz al-Qurʾān. With regard to the theory of iʿjāz al-Qurʾān, classical scholars including al-Rummani, al-Khaṭṭābī, al-Baqillani, al-Rāzī significantly emphasize the linguistic nature of iʿjāz as an argument to support the doctrine of iʿjāz al-Qurʾān. Al-Ūdwī on the other hand, after accepting the linguistic iʿjāz of the Qurʾān, proceeds to go further than his predecessors in supporting the doctrine of iʿjāz al-Qurʾān by emphasizing and situating iʿjāz in the content of the Qurʾān. Therefore, his book Nūr al-Īqān bi iʿjāz al-Qurʾān seems to be considerably different in its arguments from his predecessors’ theory. There is no exaggeration to say that al-Ūdwī has distinctly added several new arguments in his book, which, according to him, provide the certainty in the doctrine of iʿjāz, as he names his book as Nūr al-Īqān bi Iʿjāz al-Qurʾān, ‘Light of the faith through the inimitability of the Qurʾān.
This research is an attempt to study the relations between Pakistan and the United States in the context of alliances of modern age. The study primarily discussing the need of alliances in modern times and suggests that even though there is a shift in power balance in the international state system, the concept still prevails in international politics. The study assesses the conditions that obligated Pakistan to join Western alliances and argues that Pakistan joined the US sponsored Western alliances for acquiring economic and strategic aid, while the US wanted to shape a defense system of non-communist states. The study further emphasizes that after joining Western alliance system Pakistan’s relations with Muslim countries and Soviet Union deteriorated. The study further dives into the intricacies of Pakistan’s deteriorated relations with the US in 1960s and revived in post 1979 period. The US after realizing its objectives into the region left Pakistan alone with unresolved issues, in the wake of disintegration of Soviet Union. The study further elucidated that the event of 9/11 elevated the significance of Pakistan in the eyes of the United States once again. The findings in post 9/11 study reveal that this relation meant a lot to Pakistan while for the US is a marriage of convenience. Additionally, both the states are not on the same page regarding security issues as both views Middle East, India, issues of non-proliferation differently. Although the United States and Pakistan are allies, the US considered former Soviet Union more important during Cold War era than its ally Pakistan. And in the post 9/11 period is more focused on combating terrorism, while Pakistan since its inception till today is preoccupied with the perceived threats from India. The study argues that though the interests of Pakistan and the United States diverge, still the US cannot deny Pakistan’s significance for promoting regional security. This is one of the reasons why the US though tilted towards India does not want to lose Pakistan’s support in the region.