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Elucidation of Hydrocarbons and Degrading Microorganisms in Contaminated Environment

Thesis Info

Author

Zenab Tariq Baig

Department

Clarendon Press/Oxford Univ. Press

Program

Mphil

Institute

Quaid-i-Azam University

Institute Type

Public

City

Islamabad

Province

Islamabad

Country

Pakistan

Thesis Completing Year

2013

Thesis Completion Status

Completed

Page

2013

Subject

Biotechnolgy

Language

English

Other

Call No: Diss / M. Phil BIO / 3529

Added

2021-02-17 19:49:13

Modified

2023-02-19 12:33:56

ARI ID

1676719421503

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31. Luqman/Luqman, the Wise

31. Luqman/Luqman, the Wise

I/We begin by the Blessed Name of Allah

The Immensely Merciful to all, The Infinitely Compassionate to everyone.

31:01
a. Alif. Lam. Mim.

31:02
a. These are the Messages of the Book - The Divine Qur’an – full of Wisdom.

31:03
a. It is a source of Guidance and a Mercy for those who seek excellence in virtue.

31:04
a. Those who
- establish the Salat/Prayer, and
- pay out the Zakat/annual charity, and
- believe with certainty in the realm of the Hereafter.

31:05
a. It is they who are upon Guidance from their Rabb -The Lord, and
b. it is also they who are going to be the successful in the Hereafter.

31:06
a. And from among the people, there are some who engage in diverting talk over Allah’s Message
- misleading others from the Path of Allah without knowledge, and
- taking it in mockery as well.
b. Those - for them will be a humiliating punishment.

31:07
a. And whenever OUR Messages from The Qur’an are recited to such a person,
b. he turns away arrogantly, as if he had not heard them – almost as if there was deafness in his ears.
c. So give him the good news of a painful punishment.

31:08
a. As for those
- believe, and
- practice righteousness,

b. for them will be Gardens of Delight in Paradise -

31:09
a. living therein forever: never to leave, never to die.
b. This is Allah’s true Promise,
c. for HE is The Almighty, The Wise.

Influence of Fatwa on the Judicial System of State of Bahawalpur

During the former era of the State of Bahawalpur the Nawabs were in perpetual conflict with their relatives. The Kehlwar family of Sindh and during the modern era remained under influence of the British. So we can say that the State of Bahawalpur remained under constant foreign influence and the Nawabs did not have chance to rule with liberty and ease. In spite of these facts, the government of the State had many Islamic qualities and there are clear effects of Fatwa on judicial system in both eras.

Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoparticles for the Control of Aflatoxins and Pathogenic Moulds

This study provides a novel approach to encounter the well-established global issues of drug-resistant pathogens bacterial/fungal strains and their linked metabolites such as aflatoxins (AFs). Recent advancements have been proposed for incorporation nanoparticles (NPs) in this regards. This study provides a promising solution to control pathogenic moulds and AFs by the utilization of nanotechnology approach and also highlighted the AFs level in various agricultural commodities. A variety of agricultural commodities such as wheat, composite spices and dry fruits/edible nuts were assessed for the AFs determination by HPLC. The iron (Fe), copper (Cu) and silver (Ag) NPs have been synthesized from bio-diversified plants, herbs and spices extracts and chemical reduction method in parallel. These great varieties of NPs are used to control AFs and pathogenic moulds. AFs were detected in 26−77% of samples; the average concentration was found 0.53−4.63 µg/kg with contamination ranged of 0.02−30.11 µg/kg. The spherical shape NPs were successfully synthesized with average particle size ranges from 10−120 nm. Ag-NPs showed a pronounced effect, thereby reducing the growth of methicillin- and vancomycin-resistance Staphylococcus aureus at MIC of 8−16, 32−64 and 128−256 µg/mL for Ag-, Cu- and Fe-NPs, respectively. The growth of aflatoxigenic moulds (Aspergillus) and AFs production was significantly inhibited in presence of 100 µg/mL Ag-NPs, in contrast to Fe- and Cu-NPs. The batch adsorption test for the efficacy of NPs to adsorb aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) indicates that ≥ 95% AFB1 adsorption using 5 mg/mL NPs. Adsorption data was well fitted in Langmuir isotherm model with different adsorption capacities. Kinetics and thermodynamic studies indicates spontaneous adsorption process that is endothermic in nature and follows the pseudo-second order rate equation. The efficiencies of green synthesized NPs were found in the order of: green tea > black tea > clove > neem > datura > jamun > curry leaves > rose > black cumin > mangroves > gum tree > dates. The synthesis of metal NPs using green nanotechnology seems to be the best candidate because it is simple, eco-friendly, costeffective, non-toxic, energy-efficient and considered as alternative to the conventional methods. This study explores the importance of green chemistry, thereby demonstrating for the first time, the successful utilization of green nano synthesis approach for the control of AFs and pathogenic moulds. The NPs could be utilized as alternative antimicrobial agents in medical, agricultural and veterinary fields.